Short answers, pulled from the story.
Ancient Nubian communities conducted the first systematic antibiotic trials in the arid lands of northern Sudan between 350 and 550 CE. Chemical analysis of their skeletal remains reveals consistent, high levels of tetracycline from grain beverages fermented with Streptomyces bacteria.
The modern era of antibiotics began on the 28th of September 1928 when Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in a London laboratory. Howard Florey and Ernst Chain later purified penicillin G in 1939 at Oxford University, earning the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1945.
The term antibiotic was coined in 1942 by Selman Waksman and his collaborators to describe substances produced by microorganisms that are antagonistic to other microorganisms. Waksman introduced the term to distinguish natural substances from synthetic compounds like sulfonamides.
Global deaths attributable to antimicrobial resistance numbered 1.27 million in 2019. Each year, nearly 5 million deaths are associated with antimicrobial resistance globally due to the misuse and overuse of these substances.
Mongolia had the highest antibiotic consumption rate in 2015 with 64.4 defined daily doses per 1,000 inhabitants per day. Burundi had the lowest consumption rate at 4.4 defined daily doses per 1,000 inhabitants per day.
The number of new classes of antibacterial compounds introduced dropped markedly after 1969. Only two new classes were introduced between 1969 and 2003 compared to 12 new classes launched from 1935 to 1968.