Short answers, pulled from the story.
The first recorded interest in philosophy at Rome occurred in 155 BC when an Athenian embassy arrived carrying three distinct philosophical voices. This delegation marked a shift where Roman intellectual life began to absorb Hellenistic ideas from Academic skeptics, Stoics, and Peripatetics.
Philosophers under Domitian and Vespasian formed the Stoic Opposition which included Gaius Musonius Rufus who was initially exempted from exile before being exiled too. Most protesting philosophers identified with Stoicism while Emperor Hadrian attended lectures by Epictetus and Favorinus during his tour of Greece.
Antiochus of Ascalon lived around 90 BC and rejected skepticism paving the way for Middle Platonism. This movement fused Platonism with certain Peripatetic and many Stoic dogmas together while viewing Platonic Forms as immanent to rational minds within this framework.
Lucretius lived between 94 and 55 BC producing works that defined Epicurean thought for Romans alongside Cicero who served as an Academic skeptic from 106 to 43 BC. Seneca the Younger wrote extensively during his lifetime spanning 4 BC to 65 AD while Marcus Aurelius ruled from 121 to 180 AD yet chose Greek over Latin for his Meditations.
Augustine lived from 354 to 430 AD transforming pagan traditions into early Christian thought which became the center of Christian philosophy inside the Roman Empire. One of the last philosophical writers of antiquity was Boethius whose writings preserved knowledge of Greek philosophy until his death in 540 AD leaving behind commentaries on earlier philosophical traditions.