Short answers, pulled from the story.
Anatolia derives from the Greek word Anatolḗ, meaning "the East" or "the place where the sun rises," from the verb anatello meaning "to rise up." The modern Turkish form Anadolu comes directly from the same Greek source. The Latinized form with its -ia ending is likely a Medieval Latin innovation.
Anatolian Neolithic farmers began a major migration into Europe approximately 9,000 years ago. Their descendants spread as far west as the Iberian Peninsula and the British Isles, and most modern Europeans derive a significant part of their ancestry from these farmers.
Minted coinage as a medium of exchange was invented in Lydia, a region of Anatolia, sometime in the 7th century BCE. This distinguishes Anatolia as the birthplace of minted coins, as distinct from the unminted coinage that appeared earlier in Mesopotamia.
According to historians Morris and Ze'evi, 4 million Christians were ethnically cleansed from Asia Minor by the Turks from 1894 to 1924. This included approximately two million Greeks and an estimated 1.5 million Armenians killed or expelled by Ottoman Turkish authorities. Most remaining ethnic Anatolian Greeks were forced out during the 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey.
In the 10 years following the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, Seljuk Turks from Central Asia migrated over large areas of Anatolia. The Sultanate of Rûm was founded in 1077. The process of Turkification continued under the Ottoman Empire until the early 20th century.
Mount Ararat is the highest peak in the Eastern Anatolia region and in the Armenian Highlands, rising to 5,123 meters. The Euphrates, Aras, Karasu, and Murat rivers connect the Armenian Highlands to the South Caucasus and the Upper Euphrates Valley from this area.