Short answers, pulled from the story.
Amsterdam developed from Aemsterdam by 1327 after a dam construction occurred between 1264 and 1275. The settlement grew from a small fishing village where farmers had settled three millennia ago along the prehistoric IJ river.
During the Dutch Golden Age of the 17th century, Amsterdam became the wealthiest city in the Western world. Ships sailed from Amsterdam to the Baltic Sea, the Caribbean, North America, and Africa while merchants held the largest share in both the Dutch East India Company and the Dutch West India Company.
Around 60,000 Jewish inhabitants lived in Amsterdam at the time of the Nazi occupation which began on the 10th of May 1940. More than 100,000 Dutch Jews were deported and murdered in Nazi concentration camps including those arrested on the 22nd of February 1941 who were sent to Mauthausen concentration camp.
In 2010 the Grachtengordel became a UNESCO World Heritage Site after construction started in 1613 based on four concentric half-circles of canals. The canal construction in the southern sector was completed by 1656 with three canals mostly for residential development: Herengracht, Keizersgracht, and Prinsengracht.
By 2023 autochthons were a minority in 40% of neighborhoods while about 180 nationalities are represented making it one of the most multicultural cities globally. People of non-Western origin made up approximately one-fifth of the population in 2006 and more than 30% of the city's children had immigrant backgrounds that year.