Short answers, pulled from the story.
Amos Tversky (the 16th of March 1937 - the 2nd of June 1996) was an Israeli cognitive and mathematical psychologist who specialized in human cognitive bias and decision-making under risk. He is best known for developing prospect theory with Daniel Kahneman, a framework that explains irrational human economic choices and is considered a founding work of behavioral economics.
Tversky did not win a Nobel Prize because Nobel Prizes are not awarded posthumously and he died in 1996. His collaborator Daniel Kahneman received the 2002 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for work done jointly with Tversky. Kahneman described it as "a joint prize" and said the two were "twinned for more than a decade."
Prospect theory is a framework developed by Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman to explain why people make economically irrational choices. It is considered one of the seminal works of behavioral economics. Tversky and Kahneman developed it through their collaboration, which began in the late 1960s.
In 1956, during a training exercise observed by the IDF General Staff, Tversky ran into the open to rescue a soldier who had frozen beside an activated bangalore torpedo. He hauled the soldier ten yards and shielded him with his own body, sustaining shrapnel wounds that remained in his body for the rest of his life. IDF Chief of Staff Moshe Dayan personally presented him with a decoration for bravery.
The Tversky intelligence test was an informal, tongue-in-cheek measure devised by Tversky's peers. As recounted by psychologist Adam Alter and described by writer Malcolm Gladwell in his 2013 book David and Goliath, the test held that the faster you realized Tversky was smarter than you, the smarter you were.
Michael Lewis wrote The Undoing Project: A Friendship That Changed Our Minds, released in 2016. The book examines the personal and professional relationship between Tversky and Daniel Kahneman.