Short answers, pulled from the story.
Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi wrote the book Kitab al-Hisab al-Hindi in the year 825 that eventually gave the word algorithm its name. The translator Latinized his name to Algorismi when the text was translated into Latin in the early 12th century.
The word evolved to the modern English word algorithm by 1596 when Thomas Hood used it in his writings. The linguistic journey progressed from algorism to algorithmus before reaching its current form.
The earliest known division algorithm appeared on Sumerian clay tablets found in Shuruppak near Baghdad around 2500 BC. Babylonian astronomers used these procedures to predict the time and place of significant celestial events.
Ada Lovelace designed the first algorithm intended for processing on a computer while working on the analytical engine in the mid-19th century. Her work established the concept that a machine could follow a set of instructions to perform complex tasks.
Alan Turing published his famous paper on Turing machines in 1936-37 while working at King's College Cambridge. This paper defined the theoretical limits of computation and established the Church-Turing thesis.
The National Institute of Standards and Technology updated their post-quantum encryption standards in 2024. These new algorithms were introduced to enhance defenses against attacks using quantum computing.