Short answers, pulled from the story.
Alan Turing was an English mathematician, computer scientist, logician, cryptanalyst, philosopher and theoretical biologist, born on the 23rd of June 1912 and died on the 7th of June 1954. He is widely considered the father of theoretical computer science, having formalised the concepts of algorithm and computation with the Turing machine.
Alan Turing led Hut 8, the section responsible for German naval cryptanalysis, at Bletchley Park. He specified the bombe machine to break the Enigma cipher and devised techniques including Banburismus and Turingery, work that the official war historian Harry Hinsley estimated shortened the war in Europe by more than two years.
The Turing test is an experiment Alan Turing proposed in his paper Computing Machinery and Intelligence to define a standard for a machine to be called intelligent. A computer could be said to think if a human interrogator could not tell it apart from a human being through conversation.
Alan Turing died on the 7th of June 1954, aged 41, from cyanide poisoning, with his housekeeper finding him dead at his house in Wilmslow. An inquest determined his death as suicide, but the evidence is also consistent with accidental poisoning from an electroplating apparatus.
Alan Turing was prosecuted in 1952 for homosexual acts under Section 11 of the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885 and accepted hormone treatment known as chemical castration. Prime Minister Gordon Brown apologised in 2009, and Queen Elizabeth II granted a pardon in 2013.
Alan Turing published The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis in January 1952, proposing that a reaction-diffusion system of chemicals could account for patterns and shapes in living organisms. His work has been used to explain spots and stripes on animal fur and was experimentally verified with chia seeds in a 2023 study.