Short answers, pulled from the story.
Air warfare was a major component in every theater of World War II, consuming a large fraction of the industrial output of all major powers. Britain and the United States emphasized strategic bombing with large, long-range bombers, while Germany and Japan integrated air forces more closely with land and naval operations.
The Dowding system was the first integrated air defence network in the world, built by Hugh Dowding, commander of RAF Fighter Command. It combined radar with communications centers and operations control rooms, allowing the RAF to direct fighters to intercept German raids without flying constant defensive patrols.
Germany's Bf 109E fighter had a combat radius of only 330 kilometres, giving it about ten minutes of combat time over Britain before needing to return to France. The Luftwaffe also shifted its attacks from RAF airfields and radar stations to bombing London after the RAF bombed Berlin, a diversion that allowed the RAF to recover and maintain its defensive fighter force.
At the Battle of Midway, American forces used a cryptographic breakthrough to ambush the Japanese carrier fleet. Two simultaneous dive bomber attacks sank three Japanese carriers early in the battle, with a fourth sunk by day's end. Having lost all four carriers, Japan was forced to retreat and never again launched a major effective offensive in the Pacific.
Kamikaze attacks were Japanese suicide missions in which pilots deliberately crashed their aircraft into Allied ships beginning in October 1944. At the Battle of Okinawa in spring 1945, 4,000 kamikaze sorties sank 38 US ships and damaged 368 more, killing 4,900 sailors in the American 5th Fleet.
In early 1945, General Curtis LeMay ordered a radical change in tactics: strip machine guns from B-29s, fly at low altitude at night, and replace defensive gun weight with additional bombs. The Operation Meetinghouse raid on Tokyo on the night of 9-the 10th of March 1945 destroyed nearly 270,000 buildings across 16 square miles and killed at least 83,000 people.