Short answers, pulled from the story.
Malik Ahmad Nizam Shah I founded the Ahmadnagar Sultanate on the 28th of May 1490, when he declared independence from the Bahmani Sultanate. He was the son of Malik Hasan Bahri and had served as the Bahmani governor of Junnar before establishing his own dynasty, the Nizam Shahi.
Hussain Nizam Shah I of Ahmadnagar was a leading figurehead of the allied Deccan sultanates at the Battle of Talikota in late January 1565. He personally beheaded Rama Raya, the de facto ruler of the Vijayanagara Empire, after the allied forces defeated the empire.
Chand Bibi was the sister of Burhan Nizam Shah II who became regent for the infant sultan Bahadur Nizam Shah following a civil war. She repelled a Mughal invasion by securing reinforcements from the Bijapur and Golconda sultanates. She died in July 1600, after which Ahmadnagar city fell to the Mughals.
Malik Ambar introduced a revenue system modeled on the one developed by Raja Todarmal in northern India and parts of Gujarat and Khandesh. He classified land by fertility, abolished revenue farming, and initially set collections at two-fifths of actual produce in kind, later allowing cultivators to pay a cash equivalent of roughly one-third of the yield.
The Ahmadnagar Sultanate was annexed in 1636 by Aurangzeb, then Mughal viceroy of the Deccan, who defeated the regent Shahaji and partitioned the sultanate between the Mughal Empire and the Sultanate of Bijapur. The dynasty had ruled since 1490, spanning thirteen rulers.
The Ahmadnagar Sultanate produced the earliest extant school of painting in the Deccan sultanates. Major architectural works include the palaces Farah Bakhsh Bagh and Hasht Bihisht Bagh, completed by 1583, as well as the Janjira Fort and fortifications at Daulatabad, Junnar, and other Deccan sites. The capital Ahmadnagar was described as comparable to Cairo and Baghdad within years of its founding.