Short answers, pulled from the story.
The first African slaves arrived in the early 16th century, specifically during Juan Ponce de León's 1513 voyage to Spanish Florida. Enslaved Africans also arrived around that same time to Spanish Puerto Rico and the San Miguel de Gualdape colony founded by Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón in 1526.
Twenty and odd negroes arrived in Jamestown, Virginia via Cape Comfort in August 1619 as indentured servants. These individuals worked for several years without wages but could legally raise crops and cattle to purchase their freedom after their term expired.
Texas was the last state to be emancipated in 1865 when advancing Union troops enforced the proclamation. The Civil War of 1861 to 1865 resulted in the liberation of four million enslaved people after the Northern victory over the South.
Southern states enacted Jim Crow laws to enforce racial segregation and disenfranchisement by the late 1890s. This period included racially discriminatory laws and violence that mushroomed during the last decade of the 19th century, culminating in the Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court decision in 1896.
More than 6 million Black people moved north looking for better job opportunities and living conditions between 1916 and the 1960s. This migration created growing African American communities in Northern and Western United States cities despite events like the Red Summer of 1919.
As of the 1st of July 2024, the Black population was estimated at 42,951,595 representing approximately 12.63% of the total U.S. population. Texas has the largest African American population by state followed by Florida with 3.8 million and Georgia with 3.6 million.