Short answers, pulled from the story.
Afontova Gora is a Late Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic complex of archaeological sites on the left bank of the Yenisey River, near Krasnoyarsk, Russia. It has cultural and genetic links to the people of Mal'ta-Buret'.
Afontova Gora was first excavated in 1884 by Ivan Savenkov, at the site now known as Afontova Gora III. Other sites in the complex were later dug in 1912-1914, 1924, 1996, and 2014.
Afontova Gora 2 is a male individual found at Afontova Gora II in the 1920s and dated to around 17,000 years before present, more precisely 16,930-16,490 BP. Afontova Gora 3 is a teenage girl around 14-15 years old, found in 2014 and directly dated in 2017 to around 16,090 cal BC.
Afontova Gora 3 carries the derived rs12821256 allele associated with blond hair color, making her the earliest known individual to carry this mutation. The same allele later appears in Eastern Hunter-Gatherer individuals from Samara, Motala, and Ukraine around 10,000 years before present.
A 2021 genetic study found that the Tarim mummies were primarily descended from a population represented by the Afontova Gora 3 specimen, showing high affinity with it. About 72 percent of the Tarim mummies' ancestry traces to that genome, with the remaining 28 percent from Baikal Early Bronze Age populations.
Excavations across the Afontova Gora sites uncovered remains of mammoth, horse, reindeer, steppe bison, Arctic fox, Arctic hare, cave lion, pika, hare, and partridge, along with a canid whose skull was once identified as a dog.