Short answers, pulled from the story.
Adam and Eve were the first man and first woman according to the creation myth of the Abrahamic religions. They are central to the belief that humanity is a single family, with everyone descended from one original pair of ancestors.
Adam and Eve were placed in the Garden of Eden and permitted to eat from every tree except the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. A serpent tempted the woman to eat the forbidden fruit, she gave some to the man, and after they recognized their nakedness God banished them from the garden.
The Adam and Eve story provides the basis for the doctrines of the fall of man and original sin in Christianity. St Augustine of Hippo, who lived from 354 to 430, interpreted Adam's sin as hereditary, making original sin a cornerstone of Western Christian theology.
In Islam, Adam and Eve are held equally responsible for their sin of hubris, rather than Eve being the first to be unfaithful. The concept of original sin does not exist in Islam because God forgave Adam and Eve.
Adam's age at death is given as 930 years in Genesis 5. Genesis lists his descendants from his son Seth down to Noah, recording their ages at the birth of their first sons and at death.
The Y-chromosomal Adam and Mitochondrial Eve are the most recent common ancestors of humans traced through the Y chromosome for the male lineage and mitochondrial DNA for the female lineage. The matrilineal ancestor lived around 155,000 years ago and the patrilineal ancestor lived around 200,000 to 300,000 years ago, so they did not fork from a single couple at the same time.
John Milton's 17th-century epic Paradise Lost elaborates on the story in great detail and shows Adam a glimpse of mankind's future. Mark Twain wrote satirical diaries in "Eve's Diary" of 1906, and C.S. Lewis re-enacted the story on Venus in his 1943 novel Perelandra.