Short answers, pulled from the story.
Absolute monarchy places all political power in one sovereign who faces no constitutional limits. Unlike constitutional monarchies where legislatures or unwritten customs restrict authority, an absolute ruler holds legislative, executive, and judicial powers simultaneously.
In 1629, King Charles I dissolved the Parliament of England and ruled without it for eleven years. This act marked a clear shift from shared governance to unilateral control.
Current datasets identify Brunei Eswatini Oman Qatar and Saudi Arabia as absolute monarchies while others include Bahrain Bhutan Jordan Kuwait Liechtenstein Monaco Morocco Samoa Tonga Vatican City and United Arab Emirates.
Louis XIV of France reigned from 1638 until 1715 while proclaiming himself the source of all political power. He built the Palace of Versailles yet critics often focused on his extravagances rather than administrative reforms.
Some legal documents support these regimes such as the King's Law of Denmark-Norway enacted in 1665. That law authorized the king to abolish all other centers of power including the Council of the Realm.