Short answers, pulled from the story.
67P/Churyumov, Gerasimenko is a Jupiter-family comet originally from the Kuiper belt, measuring roughly 4.3 by 4.1 kilometers at its longest and widest. It has a rotation period of about 12.4 hours and can travel at speeds up to 135,000 kilometers per hour.
Soviet astronomers Klim Ivanovych Churyumov and Svetlana Ivanovna Gerasimenko discovered the comet in 1969. Gerasimenko exposed the photographic plate on the 11th of September 1969 at the Alma-Ata Astrophysical Institute, and Churyumov identified the object as a new comet after re-examining the plates in Kyiv on the 22nd of October.
The Rosetta mission's lander, Philae, touched down on the comet's surface on the 12th of November 2014, becoming the first spacecraft ever to land on a comet nucleus. Rosetta itself had entered orbit around the comet two months earlier, on the 10th of September 2014.
The comet's two-lobed, or contact binary, shape formed when two separate icy bodies collided gently at low velocity and fused together. Layers called terraces inside the comet run in different directions on each lobe, confirming the two objects were once independent.
Rosetta and Philae detected sixteen organic compounds in the comet's material, including four never before seen on a comet: acetamide, acetone, methyl isocyanate and propionaldehyde. The mission also found large amounts of molecular oxygen gas around the comet, a substance never previously detected in a cometary coma.
67P/Churyumov, Gerasimenko most recently reached perihelion, its closest approach to the Sun, on the 2nd of November 2021, and it will next reach perihelion on the 9th of April 2028. Its 2021 perihelion passage brought it closer to Earth than it had been since 1982.