Short answers, pulled from the story.
Suddhodana was a leader of the Shakya oligarchic republic, not a king in the traditional sense. Most recent scholarship refutes the notion that he was a monarch; the Shakya republic was governed by an elite council, and the raja held office only with the approval of the King of Kosala, whose vassal the Shakyas had become.
Suddhodana means "he who grows pure rice." The name comes from Sanskrit; the Pali form is Suddhodana.
Suddhodana's chief consort was Maha Maya, mother of Siddhartha Gautama. After Maya died shortly after Siddhartha's birth, her sister Mahapajapati Gotami became chief consort. Suddhodana and Mahapajapati had a son, Nanda, and a daughter, Sundari Nanda, both of whom became Buddhist monastics.
According to legend, Suddhodana banned Siddhartha from leaving the palace and surrounded him with women and sensual pleasures to prevent him from becoming a shramana. Despite these measures, Siddhartha left at the age of 29 after experiencing the Four Sights.
Suddhodana sent nine emissaries to invite the Buddha back to the Shakya land after learning of his enlightenment, seven years after Siddhartha's departure. All nine emissaries joined the sangha. He then sent a close friend of Siddhartha named Kaludayi, who also became a monk but kept his promise and delivered the invitation.
Yes. When the Buddha heard of his father's impending death, he returned to the palace and preached to Suddhodana one final time. Suddhodana achieved arhatship on his deathbed, the highest state of liberation recognized in early Buddhist teaching.