Short answers, pulled from the story.
Śuddhodana translates to he who grows pure rice. Historical records trace his lineage back to King Maha Sammatha, described as the first king of a specific Kalpa cycle. His father was Sihahanu and his mother Kaccanā.
Modern scholars dispute whether Śuddhodana held the title of king because most recent research suggests the Shakya republic functioned as an oligarchy instead. An elite council of warriors and ministers chose its leader or rājā. This ruler did not exercise autocratic power over the land.
Siddhartha Gautama married his cousin Yasodharā at age 16. They had an infant son named Rāhula behind him when he left home. Śuddhodana also produced a second son named Nanda and a daughter called Sundari Nanda with his chief consort Mahapajapati Gotami.
The prince ventured out at age 29 for the first time. He encountered what tradition calls the Four Sights during this journey. This departure is traditionally known as The Great Renunciation or Mahābhiniśkramaņa.
Seven years passed before news of Siddhartha's enlightenment reached the elder. He sent nine emissaries to invite the prince back to Shakya land. The Buddha preached to these men and their entourage.
Four years after the previous reunion, the Buddha heard of his father's impending death. The ruler listened to the final teachings delivered by his son. Śuddhodana ultimately achieved arhatship on his deathbed.