In 27 BC, the Roman Senate granted Octavian the honorific name Augustus. This moment marked a turning point in Roman history when he returned all his powers to the Senate and people. The gesture was theatrical. He feigned reluctance before accepting a ten-year command over disordered provinces. These provinces held the majority of Rome's legions. By keeping control of these military zones, he retained real power while appearing to restore republican traditions. The title princeps meant first among equals. It allowed him to speak first in Senate meetings without holding the consulship. This arrangement made the political system palatable to senatorial elites who had suffered under Julius Caesar and Mark Antony. The Senate also awarded him the clupeus virtutis, or shield of honour. This bronze shield sat above his door alongside an oak wreath. The combination of titles created a new identity for the ruler. Imperator emphasized victory. Divi filius linked him to the deified Julius Caesar. Augustus itself suggested religious authority rather than kingship.
The Second Settlement
Ill health forced Augustus to announce a major restructuring in 23 BC. He gave up the consulship completely after holding it for ten years. This decision removed resentment from rising political stars who felt blocked by his constant leadership. In exchange, he received tribunician power. This authority let him propose laws to the Senate whenever he wanted. He could veto any legislation that threatened his interests. He also gained the right to grant amnesty to citizens accused of crimes. The position carried popular connotations that honored Roman traditions. It did not offend the aristocracy like the consulship might have. Beyond Rome, he received proconsular imperium maius. This power allowed him to override orders from other provincial governors. The Edicts of Cyrene show he was prepared to use this authority aggressively. Normally these powers would be split among several officials with time limits. Augustus held them all at once without restriction. Even nominal time limits were automatically renewed when they lapsed. He maintained a seat on the consuls' platform and kept ius primae relationis. This right ensured he spoke first in every Senate meeting.