Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Kingdom of Italy was officially proclaimed on the 17th of March 1861. Victor Emmanuel II became its first king, inheriting a patchwork of states with different laws and currencies. This event marked the formal birth of a new nation from the previously fragmented Italian peninsula.
The Carbonari were a revolutionary group formed in southern Italy that sought to overthrow the old order and replace it with a constitutional government. They were deeply anticlerical and their influence spread across the peninsula from the Kingdom of Two Sicilies to the Papal States. Their actions paved the way for the more organized efforts of the 1848 revolutions despite their lack of a clear political program.
The 1848 revolutions began in Sicily and quickly spread to Naples, Tuscany, and the Papal States to demand constitutional government and end foreign domination. Several states granted constitutions in response to the pressure, but the revolutions were ultimately crushed by the Austrian Empire and conservative monarchies of Europe. These events marked the beginning of a new era of political activism and national consciousness despite their failure.
The Expedition of the Thousand was a campaign in the spring of 1860 led by Giuseppe Garibaldi to conquer the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. A small force of about a thousand volunteers landed near Marsala and swelled to 4,000 men within three days to defeat the Neapolitan army. This daring campaign demonstrated the power of popular support and guerrilla warfare to pave the way for the final stages of unification.
The final capture of Rome came in 1870 when the French garrison was withdrawn to fight in the Franco-Prussian War. The Italian army led by General Raffaele Cadorna breached the city on the 20th of September and placed it under siege. This event marked the end of the Papal States and the completion of the unification process, making Rome the capital of the Kingdom of Italy.
The Southern Question describes the economic and social problems that plagued the southern regions of Italy which had been part of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. These regions were characterized by a lack of infrastructure, a weak economy, and a high level of poverty that the new government struggled to address. The issue involved the legacy of centuries of foreign domination and the inability of the government to establish authority in the region.