Short answers, pulled from the story.
The word pesticide derives from the Latin pestis meaning plague and caedere meaning to kill. The story of these substances began long before the Latin roots were coined with humanity relying on inorganic compounds like copper arsenic and mercury alongside plant extracts such as pyrethrum and nicotine.
The true turning point arrived in the 1940s with the introduction of synthetic organic compounds specifically DDT and the herbicide 2,4-D. These new chemicals were not only highly effective but also incredibly profitable sparking the rapid growth of a global pesticide industry that would reshape agriculture forever.
By 2024 the cost to develop a single new pesticide was estimated at 301 million US dollars. The number of new active ingredients introduced dropped from over 100 in the 2000s to fewer than 40 in the 2010s due to this financial and technical barrier.
The World Health Organization and the UN Environment Programme estimate that 3 million agricultural workers in the developing world suffer severe poisoning each year resulting in 18,000 deaths. Approximately 99% of pesticide-related deaths occur in developing countries which account for only 25% of global pesticide usage.
Over 98% of sprayed insecticides and 95% of herbicides reach destinations other than their intended targets. Pesticide drift the movement of suspended particles by wind contaminates air water and soil contributing to water pollution and the decline of invertebrate biodiversity.
In 2023 the European Parliament approved a decision to reduce pesticide use by 50% by 2030 with a 65% reduction for the most hazardous chemicals. These alternatives offer a path toward sustainable agriculture but they face challenges in scalability and cost requiring continued research and innovation to become viable replacements for conventional chemicals.