Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Peenemünde Army Research Center was where the world's first functional large-scale liquid-propellant rocket, the V-2, was developed. The V-1 flying bomb was also developed and produced there before production moved to Mittelbau-Dora near Nordhausen.
RAF Bomber Command attacked Peenemünde on the night of the 17th to the 18th of August 1943 during Operation Hydra. The raid involved 596 aircraft and killed 123 people, including scientist Walter Thiel. It delayed the V-2 prototype launch schedule by roughly two months.
Wernher von Braun was a German scientist who worked at the Peenemünde V-2 facility. Scientists who worked there were called "Peenemünders." He survived the 1943 RAF bombing raid by sheltering in a bunker.
Heinrich Maier was a priest who led a resistance group that passed plans for the V-1, V-2 rockets, and the Peenemünde research station to the Allies. The group worked through Allen Dulles, head of the US secret service OSS in Switzerland, and was later discovered by the Gestapo.
The Peenemünde Historical Technical Museum opened in 1992. It is located in the power station of the former Army Testing Site and is part of the European Route of Industrial Heritage. Exhibits include a V-1 and a V-2.
The Soviet Red Army captured the entire island of Usedom on the 5th of May 1945. Peenemünde's harbour then served as a Soviet naval base before being handed to East German armed forces in 1952. On the 1st of December 1956, it became the headquarters of the First Flotilla of the East German People's Navy.