Short answers, pulled from the story.
Mexico City is the capital and largest city of Mexico. It was founded in 1521 on the ruins of Tenochtitlan, the former center of the Aztec Empire, and ranks among the most populous metropolitan areas in the world.
Mexico's War of Independence ran from 1810 to 1821, ending Peninsular rule. It began with the Cry of Dolores by the priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla on the 16th of September 1810, which is commemorated each year as Mexico's independence day.
In 1848 Mexico lost nearly half its territory to the United States following the 1846 invasion in the Mexican-American War. The loss was sealed in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, and the later Gadsden Purchase was the last loss of Mexican territory.
Porfirio Diaz was a Liberal general and hero of the Cinco de Mayo who ruled Mexico from 1876 to 1911 in a period described as order and progress. The Porfiriato brought economic growth, foreign investment, and an expanded rail network, alongside severe social unrest.
The Mexican Revolution was a decade-long conflict from 1910 to 1920 that began with uprisings against Porfirio Diaz after the fraudulent 1910 election. It killed 900,000 people out of a population of 15 million and produced the Constitution of 1917, which remains the governing document of Mexico.
Claudia Sheinbaum became the first woman to lead Mexico after winning the 2024 presidential election in a landslide. She succeeded Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador and was sworn in on the 1st of October 2024.
Mexico is one of the world's 17 megadiverse countries, holding 10 to 12 percent of global biodiversity with over 200,000 species. It ranks first in the world in reptile diversity with 707 known species and second in mammals with 438 species.