Short answers, pulled from the story.
Jupiter was the chief deity of Roman state religion and king of the gods throughout the Republican and Imperial eras. He was the god of the sky and thunder, the divine witness to oaths, and the guarantor of justice and good government. His primary symbols were the thunderbolt and the eagle.
The Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus stood on the Capitoline Hill in Rome. It was begun by Tarquinius Priscus, completed by Tarquinius Superbus, and inaugurated on the 13th of September 509 BC. It served as the architectural model for Jupiter's provincial temples across the Roman Empire.
The Flamen Dialis was the highest-ranking of the fifteen flamines in Rome's official cult. He could not ride a horse, swear an oath, see the army outside the pomerium, or touch anything connected with death. He was required to keep his pointed hat and clothing on whenever he was outdoors, and he held a seat in the Roman Senate.
Jovial originally described people born under the planet Jupiter, who were believed to be jolly, optimistic, and buoyant in temperament. The word derives directly from Jove, the alternate Latin name for Jupiter.
Both patricians and plebeians claimed Jupiter's favour during the class struggle known as the Conflict of the Orders. During the first secessio, the plebs withdrew to the Mons Sacer three Roman miles northeast of Rome and consecrated its summit to Jupiter Territor. Fear of Jupiter's wrath was cited as a factor in resolving both the first and second secessions.
The Roman name Iovis Dies, meaning Jupiter's day, gave rise to jeudi in French, jueves in Spanish, giovedi in Italian, joi in Romanian, and cognate forms in Catalan, Galician, Friulian, and Provencal. The English name Thursday traces the same concept through the Germanic sky god Ziu.