Short answers, pulled from the story.
Antoine Destutt de Tracy coined the word ideology in 1796 while imprisoned during the Reign of Terror. He conceived it as a science of ideas to develop a rational system against irrational mob impulses.
Napoleon Bonaparte later turned this neutral term into an insult hurled at liberal foes within his Institut national. Karl Mannheim noted modern meaning emerged when Napoleon labeled opponents ideologues.
Karl Marx redefined ideology as false consciousness serving ruling class interests through economic base superstructure dynamics. Ruling class controls means mental production alongside material production shaping societal justifications confusing alienated groups via false consciousness.
Research shows political ideology somewhat genetically heritable according to studies by Cloninger et al 1993 Alford Funk Hibbing 2005 American Political Science Review. Psychologists agree personality traits individual difference variables needs ideological beliefs seem common.
Dominant groups use cultural beliefs practices justify systems inequality maintain group social power non-dominant populations ideologies use society symbol system organize social relations hierarchy some identities superior others considered inferior passed along major social institutions media family education religion. Sally Haslanger stated function ideology stabilize perpetuate dominance masking illusion.