Short answers, pulled from the story.
Goldman Sachs opened its first one-room basement office next to a coal chute in New York City in 1869. Marcus Goldman founded the firm and began financing commercial paper for small entrepreneurs who needed short-term cash.
Samuel Sachs joined the business in 1882 as the son-in-law of founder Marcus Goldman. The company adopted its current name by 1885 after Henry Goldman and Ludwig Dreyfuss entered the partnership.
The firm launched the Goldman Sachs Trading Corporation on the 4th of December 1928 as a closed-end fund that failed during the Wall Street Crash of 1929. Accusations of share price manipulation were made against the fund amid the crash.
Goldman Sachs received a $10 billion investment from the United States Department of the Treasury in November 2008. This funding came as part of the Troubled Asset Relief Program created by the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008.
First-year bankers told managers they worked 100 hours per week with only five hours of sleep nightly due to constant workplace abuse affecting mental health. Employees complained about high levels of dissatisfaction among analysts and abusive treatment by superiors leading to physical discomfort.