Short answers, pulled from the story.
Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus was published on the 1st of January 1818 by Lackington, Hughes, Harding, Mavor, & Jones. The first edition appeared anonymously with only 500 copies printed in three volumes.
Mary Shelley wrote the initial chapters at Villa Diodati in Switzerland during the summer of 1816. The group gathered there because violent weather from the Mount Tambora eruption forced them indoors to read ghost stories.
The creature never receives a name within the text and is referred to as wretch, monster, demon, devil, fiend, or it throughout the narrative. Victor Frankenstein remains the sole character identified as the creator while the public mistakenly applies his surname to the being after James Whale's 1931 film adaptation.
Some scholars suggest Mary Shelley read Humphry Davy's Elements of Chemical Philosophy which described powers bestowed upon man. Others point to François-Félix Nogaret's 1790 political parable featuring an inventor who creates a life-sized automaton though no evidence confirms Shelley had read this work.
The 1831 text included a lengthy new introduction presenting an embellished version of the story's genesis released by Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley on the 31st of October 1831. It removed many references to scientific ideas popular around 1816 and added dialogue to some characters while removing it from others.