Short answers, pulled from the story.
Germanic tribes known as Angles, Saxons, and Jutes crossed the North Sea to settle in Britain during the 5th century. These people spoke dialects that would eventually become Old English.
The third person pronoun group they, them, their replaced earlier Anglo-Saxon forms that began with h- or hw-. Other loanwords include give, get, sky, skirt, egg, and cake which typically displaced native Anglo-Saxon equivalents.
English serves as an official or co-official language in 57 sovereign states and 30 dependent territories according to Ethnologue estimates. Over 1.4 billion people speak English today.
William Caxton introduced the printing press to England in 1476. His work expanded the influence of Chancery Standard developed from London dialects.
French dialects supply about 28 percent of modern vocabulary while Latin contributes another 28 percent. Germanic roots remain dominant in basic everyday speech despite heavy borrowing elsewhere.