Short answers, pulled from the story.
Indonesian nationalist leaders Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta declared independence on the 17th of August 1945, two days after the Japanese surrender. The Netherlands formally recognized Indonesian sovereignty in December 1949 following the Dutch-Indonesian Round Table Conference.
The Cultivation System, or Cultuurstelsel, was implemented in 1830 under governor-general Johannes van den Bosch. It required Indonesian farmers to use 20% of their farmland for government-designated export crops such as indigo, coffee, and sugar. Between 1830 and 1870 it transferred an estimated 840 million guilders to the Dutch treasury, while causing widespread famine and an estimated 30% increase in mortality rates among Javanese peasants in the 1840s.
Estimates of deaths caused by colonial wars range from hundreds of thousands to four million, including direct casualties and deaths from famine and disease. A UN report attributed four million additional deaths to the Japanese occupation that followed. Death rates among coolie laborers on some Sumatran plantations were estimated as high as 25%.
The VOC, or Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie, was the United East India Company. It was granted a charter in March 1602 to wage war, build fortresses, and make treaties across Asia. When the VOC went bankrupt and was formally dissolved in 1800, its colonial possessions in the Indonesian archipelago were nationalized under the Dutch government, becoming the Dutch East Indies.
The United States threatened to terminate Dutch access to Marshall Plan financial aid if the Netherlands did not agree to transfer sovereignty to Indonesia. This pressure led to the Dutch-Indonesian Round Table Conference, which opened on the 22nd of August 1949, and to formal Dutch recognition of Indonesian sovereignty in December 1949.
The Dutch East Indies national football team participated in the 1938 World Cup in France, making them the first Asian country to participate in a FIFA World Cup. They were eliminated in the first round after a 0-6 defeat against Hungary at Velodrome Municipal Stadium in Reims.