Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Netherlands recognized Indonesian sovereignty in December 1949, ending the colony. The territory of the Republic of Indonesia formed from this final territorial range, though Western New Guinea remained under Dutch administration until May 1963.
The Cultivation System required Indonesian farmers to use 20% of their farmland for cash crops like indigo, coffee, and sugar starting in 1830. This system generated net profits estimated at 50% of total state revenue but caused widespread famine and mortality rates that increased by as much as 30% among Javanese peasants during the 1840s.
According to a United Nations report, four million people died in Indonesia as a result of the Japanese occupation. This period began with the invasion on the 10th of January 1942, and ended with the surrender of Japan in August 1945.
The KNIL disbanded on the 26th of July 1950, after the transfer of sovereignty. Of the 65,000 personnel at the time, 26,000 were incorporated into the new Indonesian Army while the remainder either demobilized or transferred to the Netherlands Army.
University Indonesia was established in 1898 and Bandung Institute Technology was founded in 1920 during the colonial era. These two institutions are currently the highest internationally ranking universities in Indonesia.