Short answers, pulled from the story.
Aristotle was an ancient Greek philosopher and polymath who lived from 384 to 322 BC. He founded the Peripatetic school of philosophy in the Lyceum in Athens, and his writings spanned natural science, philosophy, linguistics, economics, politics, psychology, and the arts.
Aristotle was born in 384 BC in Stagira, in Chalcidice, about 55 kilometres east of modern-day Thessaloniki. His father, Nicomachus, was personal physician to King Amyntas of Macedon and belonged to the medical guild of the Asclepiadae, and his mother was Phaestis.
Yes. In 343/42 BC, Philip II of Macedon invited Aristotle to Pella to tutor his thirteen-year-old son Alexander, teaching him at the private school of Mieza. Aristotle gave Alexander an annotated copy of the Iliad and counselled him to be "a leader to the Greeks and a despot to the barbarians".
Aristotle is credited with the earliest systematic study of logic, set out in the Prior Analytics, and built around the syllogism. His logical works were later compiled into the six books of the Organon, and his conception of logic dominated Western thought until 19th-century advances in mathematical logic.
Aristotle was the first person to study biology systematically, spending two years observing the zoology of Lesbos and its surrounding seas. He distinguished about 500 animal species, described creatures such as the octopus and hound shark, and correctly predicted that brood size decreases with body mass and that lifespan increases with gestation period.
Aristotle profoundly shaped medieval scholarship across cultures. Medieval Muslim scholars called him "The First Teacher", figures like Avicenna and Averroes revived his ideas, Moses Maimonides based his Guide for the Perplexed on Aristotelianism, and Thomas Aquinas called him simply "The Philosopher".
Only around a third of Aristotle's original output survives, none of it intended for publication. He left his works to Theophrastus, who passed them to Neleus of Scepsis in Asia Minor, where they lay hidden until the collector Apellicon bought them; they were compiled into their known form by Andronicus of Rhodes in the 1st century BC.