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— CH. 1 · ORIGINS AND ETYMOLOGY —

Hermes

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  • The earliest written record of Hermes appears in Linear B inscriptions from Pylos, Thebes, and Knossos dating to the Bronze Age Mycenaean period. Scribes wrote his name as e-ma-a (Hermas) alongside goddesses like Potnija, Posidaeja, Diwja, Hera, Pere, and Ipemedeja. This pattern continued for centuries, with worship often taking place within temples dedicated to female deities such as Demeter or Hecate. Scholars derive the modern name Hermes from Greek herma meaning stone heap. Other forms include hermex, hermaion, and hill which were holy to him. R.S.P. Beekes rejects a Proto-Indo-European origin suggesting instead a Pre-Greek root. Some theories link the word to Indo-European roots meaning to bind or put together while others propose it means one cairn. Frothingham argued that the god existed earlier as a Mesopotamian snake-god similar to Ningishzida who mediated between humans and divine figures like Ishtar. Angelo suggests Hermes may be based on the Egyptian Thoth archetype though this absorption developed after Homer's time.

  • In Archaic Greece artists depicted Hermes as a matured bearded man dressed as a traveler herald and shepherd. These images remained common on Hermai serving as boundary markers roadside markers grave markers and votive offerings. Classical and Hellenistic periods shifted depictions toward young athletic men lacking facial hair. Phidias Myron Praxiteles created statues showing either beardless Logios Hermes holding baby Dionysus in his arms. A wide-brimmed hat called petasos adorned with small wings protected rural people from sun exposure sometimes replaced by wings rising directly from hair. The caduceus appeared historically among Babylonians around 3500 BC featuring two snakes coiled around staff crowned with wings and sphere. This symbol made peace between litigants caused sleep or wakefulness demonstrating authority used as sceptre. Talaria sandals crafted from palm myrtle branches described golden immortal able take roads wind speed originally lacked wings until late artistic representations added them. Hermes also carried purse bag robe cloak conferring invisibility weapon harpe killing Argos lent Perseus kill Medusa Cetus.

  • Hermes began worship strongly associated chthonic underworld realms functioning psychopomp leader souls road Under Upper world gradually expanded encompass roads boundaries travelers sailors commerce travel itself literary creation rhetoric story-telling fertility phallus included major symbols placed form herma entrances households reflecting belief household's male head producing children. In Athens Hermai marked midway point villages deme central agora square rectangular pillar stone bronze topped bust bearded Hermes erect phallus rose base primitive Mount Kyllini Cyllenian herms standing wooden carved simply phallus Walter Burkert noted transformation astounding. Night Athenian fleet set sail Syracuse Peloponnesian War all Athenian hermai vandalized believed work saboteurs Syracuse anti-war faction Socrates pupil Alcibiades suspected involvement charge eventually led execution 16 years later corrupted failed guide moral corruption Thucydides recorded events. Boeotia festival Tanagra commemorated saving town plague carrying ram calf city walls yearly lamb sacrificed purify protect disease drought famine numerous depictions found Mediterranean world influence early Christianity Christ Good Shepherd Gospel John context. Temple Arcadia dedicated specifically Classical Greek period references ancient literature numerous temples poetic license describing ubiquitous herms smaller shrines located other deities' sanctuaries oldest place worship Mount Cyllene Arcadia myths say born tradition holds first temple built Lycaon.

  • Homeric Hymn describes Zeus dead night secretly made love Maia cave Cyllene pregnant gave birth baby wrapped blankets went sleep rapidly maturing infant crawled away Thessaly by nightfall stole half-brother Apollo's cattle invented lyre tortoise shell Maia refused believe claimed Hermes thief Zeus sided Apollo exchanged cattle for lyre became identifying attribute word polutropos many shifts turning ways devices ingenious much wandering used describe mortal descendant Odysseus first line Odyssey chelys lyre believed invent types racing sport wrestling patron athletes Homer Hesiod portrayed skilled deceptive acts benefactor gods mortals Works Days ordered Hephaestus create Pandora disgrace humanity punishing Prometheus act giving fire man every god gave gift Hermes gifts crafty words dubious character instructed take wife Titan Epimetheus Artemis rescued Ares brazen vessel Otus Ephialtes Iliad called bringer good luck guide guardian excellent tricks divine ally Greeks Trojans protected Priam retrieve body son Hector accompanied back Troy. Athenian tragic playwrights Aeschylus wrote Eumenides helped Orestes kill Clytemnestra false identity stratagems said god searches those seek things lost stolen Sophocles Philoctetes invokes when Odysseus convince join Trojan War Euripides Rhesus helps Dolon spy Greek navy Orphic Hymns Khthonios dedicated indicating underworld association mystic tone athletic games held Phlegon Tralles invoked ward ghosts Apollodorus reports events Gigantomachy defense Olympus task bringing baby Dionysus cared Ino Athamas later taken Nysan nymphs Hyades aided Perseus fetching head Gorgon Medusa favored young Heracles sword finished education Hera Athena Aphrodite Paris judged beauty contest.

  • Carl Jung considered role messenger realms guide underworld made him god unconscious mediator conscious unconscious parts mind guide inner journeys emphasized central practice medieval alchemy symbolic psychological process individuation study phenomenon synchronicity together Pan Dionysus identified archetype healer ancient Greeks ascribed healing magic López-Pedraza protector psychotherapy McNeely god healing arts abnormal psychology Samuels 1986 states considers narcissistic disorder lends positive beneficial aspect represents good bad Christopher Booker all roles revealed guide observer transition. Hermes trickster made guide through psychotherapeutic process. For López-Pedraza protector psychotherapy McNeely god healing arts. Jungian psychologists view Hermes relevant phenomena synchronicity alongside Pan Dionysus. Study shows connection between mythological figure modern therapeutic practices emphasizing transformation journey self-discovery processes involving integration opposing forces within psyche structure guiding individuals toward wholeness understanding hidden aspects personality functioning bridge known unknown territories human experience.

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Common questions

When did the earliest written record of Hermes appear in history?

The earliest written record of Hermes appears in Linear B inscriptions from Pylos, Thebes, and Knossos dating to the Bronze Age Mycenaean period. Scribes wrote his name as e-ma-a (Hermas) alongside goddesses like Potnija, Posidaeja, Diwja, Hera, Pere, and Ipemedeja.

What is the origin of the modern name Hermes according to scholars?

Scholars derive the modern name Hermes from Greek herma meaning stone heap. R.S.P. Beekes rejects a Proto-Indo-European origin suggesting instead a Pre-Greek root while other theories link the word to Indo-European roots meaning to bind or put together.

How were depictions of Hermes changed between Archaic Greece and Classical periods?

In Archaic Greece artists depicted Hermes as a matured bearded man dressed as a traveler herald and shepherd. Classical and Hellenistic periods shifted depictions toward young athletic men lacking facial hair with statues created by Phidias Myron Praxiteles showing either beardless Logios Hermes holding baby Dionysus in his arms.

Why did all Athenian hermai get vandalized during the Peloponnesian War?

All Athenian hermai were vandalized when the night Athenian fleet set sail for Syracuse because it was believed work saboteurs from the Syracuse anti-war faction committed the act. Socrates pupil Alcibiades was suspected involvement charge eventually led execution 16 years later corrupted failed guide moral corruption Thucydides recorded events.

What role does Carl Jung assign to Hermes in psychology and alchemy?

Carl Jung considered role messenger realms guide underworld made him god unconscious mediator conscious unconscious parts mind guide inner journeys emphasized central practice medieval alchemy symbolic psychological process individuation study phenomenon synchronicity together Pan Dionysus identified archetype healer ancient Greeks ascribed healing magic López-Pedraza protector psychotherapy McNeely god healing arts abnormal psychology Samuels 1986 states considers narcissistic disorder lends positive beneficial aspect represents good bad Christopher Booker all roles revealed guide observer transition.

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All sources

185 references cited across the entry

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  144. 146inlineBrill's New Pauly, s.v. Myrtilus (1); Hyginus, Fabulae 224.
  145. 147inlineBrill's New Pauly, s.v. Polybus (3); Pausanias, 2.6.6.
  146. 149inlineGantz, p. 110; Homeric Hymn to Pan (19), 34–9.
  147. 150inlineHard, p. 215–6; Herodotus, 2.145.
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  150. 153inlineHesiod, Catalogue of Women fr. 98 Most (pp. 172, 173) = fr. 150 Merkelbach-West.
  151. 154inlineHard, p. 211; Diodorus Siculus, 4.84.2.
  152. 155inlineBrill's New Pauly, s.v. Herse; Apollodorus, 3.14.3.
  153. 157inlineDionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, 1.13.1, 2.3.1.
  154. 158inlineHyginus, Fabulae, 160.
  155. 159inlineSmith, s.v. Caicus; Pseudo-Plutarch, De fluviis 21.1.
  156. 160inlineSmith, s.v. Pharis (1); Pausanias, 4.30.2.
  157. 161inlineGantz, p. 107; Homer, Iliad 16.179–186.
  158. 162inlineSuda λ 568.
  159. 163inlineApollodorus, 2.5.8.
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  161. 165inlineStephanus of Byzantium, Ethnica, p.9, in German
  162. 166inlineStephanus of Byzantium, Ethnica, Damaskos, in original Greek
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  167. 172inlineAccording to Hesiod's Theogony 507–509 , Atlas's mother was the Oceanid Clymene, later accounts have the Oceanid Asia as his mother, see Apollodorus, 1.2.3 .
  168. 173inlineAccording to Homer, Iliad 1.570–579 , 14.338, Odyssey 8.312, Hephaestus was apparently the son of Hera and Zeus, see Gantz, p. 74.
  169. 174inlineAccording to Hesiod, Theogony 927–929 , Hephaestus was produced by Hera alone, with no father, see Gantz, p. 74.
  170. 175inlineAccording to Hesiod's Theogony 886–890 , of Zeus's children by his seven wives, Athena was the first to be conceived, but the last to be born; Zeus impregnated Metis then swallowed her, later Zeus him
  171. 176inlineAccording to Hesiod, Theogony 183–200 , Aphrodite was born from Uranus's severed genitals, see Gantz, pp. 99–100.
  172. 177inlineAccording to Homer, Aphrodite was the daughter of Zeus (Iliad 3.374, 20.105 ; Odyssey 8.308 , 320) and Dione (Iliad 5.370–71 ), see Gantz, pp. 99–100.
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