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— CH. 1 · ORIGINS AND ETYMOLOGY —

Helios

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  • The word helios comes from a Proto-Indo-European root that ancient scholars trace back to the dawn of language itself. Walter Burkert noted in his 1985 book Greek Religion that both Helios and Eos possess an impeccable Indo-European lineage in both etymology and status as gods. The Doric form of the name appears as Hálios, while Homeric Greek spells it as ēélios with variations like Aélios in Cretan dialects. Plato’s dialogue Cratylus proposed several etymologies connecting the word to halízein meaning collecting men when he rises or aeí heileín which translates to ever turning because he always turns the earth in his course. Modern scholarship contradicts these ancient theories but acknowledges the inherited nature of the term across languages including Sanskrit Old English and Welsh. The suffix -helio- now forms compounds such as heliocentrism aphelion and heliotropium reflecting its enduring linguistic legacy.

  • In Ovid's Metamorphoses Phaethon asks his father Helios for permission to drive the sun chariot for a single day despite warnings about danger. Zeus strikes Phaethon with lightning killing him after the boy travels too low burning the earth and too high freezing it. Clymene orders slave girls to hide her son's still-smouldering body from Merops who had discovered the affair between Helios and Clymene. In Euripides' lost play Phaethon survives only in twelve fragments where Helios accompanies his son on a spare horse named Sirius trying to give instructions. Pindar described how the Heliades mourned their brother by the Eridanus river and were turned into black poplar trees shedding tears of amber. Aesop's fable tells of Helios winning against Boreas when a traveler removed his cloak due to heat while wind made him wrap it tighter. Heracles shot an arrow at Helios out of frustration crossing the Libyan desert but immediately apologized profusely receiving a golden cup in return. Sophocles' Ajax calls upon Helios to stop his reins before committing suicide on Salamis informing his aging father Telamon of his fate.

  • Ancient artifacts present Helios as a beautiful full-faced youth with wavy hair wearing a crown adorned with the sun's rays. The radiant crown traditionally held twelve rays symbolizing the twelve months of the year according to descriptions found in marble reliefs and coins. Euripides describes him as khrysōpós meaning golden-eyed or beaming like gold while Mesomedes of Crete writes he has golden hair. Apollonius Rhodius states he possesses light-emitting golden eyes and Ovid depicts him dressed in Tyrian purple robes sitting on a throne of bright emeralds. Mithraic invocations describe him as a fair-to-behold youth with fiery hair clothed in a white tunic and scarlet cloak wearing a fiery crown. Coins from Rhodes show his head looking right bearing a diadem of rays dating between 170-150 BC. Busts from the second century AD display holes used for attaching a sun ray crown visible today at the Ancient Agora Museum in Athens.

  • The island of Rhodes served as one of the only places where Helios was worshipped as a major deity in ancient Greece. Pindar's Olympian Odes memorialize the devotion of Rhodes to the cult and personality of Helios making him their founder and civilization's progenitor. Rituals included driving a quadriga drawn by four horses over a precipice into the sea reenacting the myth of Phaethon during annual festivals called Halia. Horse sacrifices were offered in teams of four specifically in Rhodes unlike other regions where single animals sufficed. The Rhodians built a shrine known as Haleion dedicated to the god within their city walls. Athenaeus reported that those who sacrificed to him brought honey instead of wine reasoning that the god holding the cosmos should not succumb to drunkenness. During Thargelia and Pyanopsia festivals Athenians held feasts with processions carrying branches twined with wool honoring both Helios and the Horae goddesses of seasons.

  • A colossal statue named the Colossus of Rhodes adorned the port of Rhodes until it collapsed after an earthquake hitting the island in 226 BC. Strabo recorded its height as seven times ten cubits which translates roughly to seventy feet or approximately the modern Statue of Liberty from feet to crown. Chares the Lindian crafted this work considered one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World before it fell at the knees. An oracle instructed the people not to rebuild the statue despite attempts to raise it again following the disaster. The structure stood so tall that it became the tallest statue in the ancient world according to contemporary descriptions. Rhodes absorbed worship of local hero Tlepolemus into Helios transferring prominence from the mortal figure to the divine founder. Games originally celebrated for Tlepolemus were now given to Helios seen as both ancestor and progenitor of the polis.

  • Anaxagoras asserted during his trial around 450 BC that the Sun was actually a gigantic red-hot ball of metal clashing with traditional religious views. Plato's Republic presents Helios as the symbolic offspring of the idea of the Good within philosophical dialogues. Lucian parodied Anaxagoras' theory in Icaromenippus where Selene complains about philosophers stirring strife between herself and Helios. Diodorus Siculus recorded an unorthodox version where Basileia married Hyperion producing Helios who drowned in river Eridanus before transforming into immortal nature. Claudian wrote that Helios was nursed by his aunt Tethys during infancy while Pausanias noted Titan might be identified as Helios himself rather than separate. Athenian historian Philochorus stated the first day of each month was sacred to Helios establishing Sunday as day of the Sun. The Roman Emperor Julian made Helios central divinity of short-lived revival of traditional practices in fourth century AD elevating him beyond minor deity status.

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Common questions

What is the etymology of the name Helios?

The word helios comes from a Proto-Indo-European root that ancient scholars trace back to the dawn of language itself. Walter Burkert noted in his 1985 book Greek Religion that both Helios and Eos possess an impeccable Indo-European lineage in both etymology and status as gods.

Who was Phaethon and what happened when he drove Helios' chariot?

Phaethon asked his father Helios for permission to drive the sun chariot for a single day despite warnings about danger. Zeus struck Phaethon with lightning killing him after the boy traveled too low burning the earth and too high freezing it.

How did ancient Greeks depict the physical appearance of Helios?

Ancient artifacts present Helios as a beautiful full-faced youth with wavy hair wearing a crown adorned with the sun's rays. The radiant crown traditionally held twelve rays symbolizing the twelve months of the year according to descriptions found in marble reliefs and coins.

Where was Helios worshipped as a major deity in ancient Greece?

The island of Rhodes served as one of the only places where Helios was worshipped as a major deity in ancient Greece. Pindar's Olympian Odes memorialize the devotion of Rhodes to the cult and personality of Helios making him their founder and civilization's progenitor.

When did the Colossus of Rhodes collapse and how tall was it originally?

A colossal statue named the Colossus of Rhodes adorned the port of Rhodes until it collapsed after an earthquake hitting the island in 226 BC. Strabo recorded its height as seven times ten cubits which translates roughly to seventy feet or approximately the modern Statue of Liberty from feet to crown.

What scientific theories about the Sun were proposed by Anaxagoras and other philosophers regarding Helios?

Anaxagoras asserted during his trial around 450 BC that the Sun was actually a gigantic red-hot ball of metal clashing with traditional religious views. Plato's Republic presents Helios as the symbolic offspring of the idea of the Good within philosophical dialogues.

See all questions about Helios →

All sources

386 references cited across the entry

  1. 1Alexander Stuart Murray and William H. Klapp, Handbook of World Mythology, p. 117
  2. 2March, s.v. Helios
  3. 3helios. Online Etymology Dictionary.
  4. 4Toorn et al, s.v. Helios pp 394–395
  5. 5ἥλιος in Liddell & Scott (1940), A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  6. 6BookHandbook of classical mythologyWilliam F. Hansen — Santa Barbara, Calif. : ABC-CLIO — 2004
  7. 7ToposText
  8. 8BookLimiting the ArbitraryJohn Earl Joseph — John Benjamins — 2000
  9. 9BookGreek ReligionWalter Burkert — Harvard University Press — 1985
  10. 10BookIndo-European and the Indo-Europeans: A Reconstruction and Historical Analysis of a Proto-Language and Proto-Culture. Part I: The Text. Part II: Bibliography, IndexesThomas V. Gamkrelidze et al. — Walter de Gruyter — 2010-12-15
  11. 11BookEncyclopedia of Indo-European CultureJ. P. Mallory et al. — Taylor & Francis — 1997
  12. 12BookGreek Heroine CultsJennifer Lynn Larson — Univ of Wisconsin Press — 1995
  13. 13BookIndo-European Poetry and MythM. L. West — OUP Oxford — 2007-05-24
  14. 14BookThe Makers of HellasFrank Byron Jevons — C. Griffin, Limited — 1903
  15. 15BookGreek Myth and Western Art: The Presence of the PastKarl Kilinski — Cambridge University Press — 2013
  16. 16Hesiod, Theogony, line 371
  17. 17Apollodorus, Library, book 1, chapter 2, section 2
  18. 18Scaife Viewer Scholia in Pindarum Isthmian Odes
  19. 19Hymn 31 to Helios, To Helios
  20. 20Hyginus, Fabulae preface
  21. 21BookA Manual of Greek AntiquitiesPercy Gardner et al. — Charles Scribner's Sons — 1895
  22. 22BookA Companion to Greek ReligionDaniel Ogden — John Wiley & Sons — 2010-02-01
  23. 23Greek Poems to the GodsBarry B. Powell — University of California Press — 2021-04-30
  24. 24BookProclus' Hymns: Essays, Translations, CommentaryRobbert Maarten van den Berg — BRILL — 2001-12-01
  25. 25BookAn Ancient Dream Manual: Artemidorus' The Interpretation of DreamsPeter Thonemann — Oxford University Press — 2020-01-16
  26. 26BookIndo-European Poetry and MythM. L. West — OUP Oxford — 2007-05-24
  27. 27BookMusic, Text, and Culture in Ancient GreeceTom Phillips et al. — Oxford University Press — 2018-03-02
  28. 28Book"The Argonautica" of Apollonius RhodiusRhodius Apollonius — London : George Bell — 1889
  29. 29Metamorphoses (Kline) 2, the Ovid Collection, Univ. of Virginia E-Text Center
  30. 30BookHandbook of the religion and mythology of the Greeks, tr. by R.B. Paul, and ed. by T.K. ArnoldHeinrich Wilhelm Stoll — 1852
  31. 31BookMythology of Greece and Rome (Special Reference to Its Influence on Literature)
  32. 32Pindar, Olympian, Olympian 7 For Diagoras of Rhodes Boxing-Match 464 B. C.
  33. 33Gordon MacDonald Kirkwood, A Short Guide to Classical Mythology, p. 88
  34. 34BookThe "Homeric Hymn to Hermes": Introduction, Text and CommentaryAthanassios Vergados — Walter de Gruyter — 2012-12-06
  35. 35ToposText700
  36. 36Aristophanes, Clouds, line 563
  37. 37BookThe ArgonauticaRhodius Apollonius et al. — London : Heinemann; New York : G.P. Putnam — 1912
  38. 38BookThe Mythology of Ancient Greece and ItalyThomas Keightley — D. Appleton — 1838
  39. 39Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae 11.39
  40. 40Strabo, Geographica 1.2.27, translation by H.C. Hamilton, Esq., W. Falconer, M.A., Ed.
  41. 41Kirk, Raven, Schofield (1983)Kirk, Raven, Schofield — 1983
  42. 42Athenaeus: Deipnosophists - Book 11 (b)
  43. 43ToposText
  44. 44A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, Habinnas, He'lios, He'lios
  45. 45Keightley, p. 56, 62
  46. 46ToposText
  47. 47ToposText
  48. 48C. Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica, C. Valeri Flacci Argonauticon Liber Quartus., line 58
  49. 49Bell, s. v. Eos
  50. 50Homeric Hymn 28 to Athena 28.13; Waterfield, p. 53
  51. 51Homer, Iliad 18.239–240
  52. 52Philostratus of Lemnos, Imagines 1.7.2
  53. 53Callimachus, Hymn to Artemis 181–182
  54. 54Powell Barry, p. 182
  55. 55Lucian, Dialogues of the Gods Aphrodite and Eros
  56. 56Fairbanks, p. 39
  57. 57Pseudo-Apollodorus, Library 2.4.8; Seneca, Hercules Furens 24; Argonautica Orphica 113.
  58. 58Lucian, Dialogues of the Gods Hermes and the Sun
  59. 59Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 1.2.4
  60. 60Matthews, p. 52
  61. 61Glover, Eric. "The eclipse of Xerxes in Herodotus 7.37: Lux a non obscurando." The Classical Quarterly, vol. 64, no. 2, 2014, pp. 471–492. New Series. Accessed 12 Sept. 2021.
  62. 62Archilochus frag 122; Rutherford, p. 193
  63. 63Rutherford, p. 191
  64. 64Slim, Hédi. "La chute de Phaeton sur une mosaïque de Barrarus-Rougga en Tunisie". In: Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. 147e année, N. 3, 2003. p. 1121. DOI:
  65. 65Hyginus, Fabulae 183
  66. 66Dain, Philippe. Mythographe du Vatican III. Traduction et commentaire. Besançon: Institut des Sciences et Techniques de l'Antiquité, 2005. p. 156 (footnote nr. 33) (Collection "ISTA", 854). DOI: www.p
  67. 67Athenaeus, Scholars at Dinner 7.294C
  68. 68Pindar, Olympian Odes 7
  69. 69Diodorus Siculus, Library of History 5.56.3
  70. 70Scholia on Pindar's Olympian Odes 7.25
  71. 71Pseudo-Apollodorus, Library 1.4.5
  72. 72Conon, Narrations 47
  73. 73Ovid, Metamorphoses; Euripides, Phaethon; Nonnus, Dionysiaca; Hyginus, Fabulae 152A
  74. 74Scholia on Homer, Odyssey 17.208
  75. 75Hyginus, Fabulae 154
  76. 76Gantz, pp 31–32
  77. 77Diggle, pp 7–8
  78. 78Cod. Claromont. - Pap. Berl. 9771, Euripides fragment 773 Nauck
  79. 79Longinus, On the Sublime 15.4, with a translation by H. L. Havell.
  80. 80Diggle, pp 42–43
  81. 81Collard and Cropp, p. 202
  82. 82Ovid, Metamorphoses 1.747–2.400
  83. 83Nonnus, Dionysiaca 38.142–435
  84. 84Gantz, p. 33
  85. 85Bell, s. v. Phaethon
  86. 86Quintus Smyrnaeus, Posthomerica 5.300, "The Daughters of the Sun, the Lord of Omens, shed (tears) for Phaethon slain, when by Eridanos' flood they mourned for him. These, for undying honour to his son
  87. 87Hyginus, De astronomia 2.42.2
  88. 88Foley, p. 6
  89. 89Ovid, Fasti 4.575
  90. 90Homer, Odyssey 8. 266–295
  91. 91Homer, Odyssey 8. 296–332
  92. 92Seneca, Phaedra 124
  93. 93Scholia on Euripides's Hippolytus 47
  94. 94Libanius, Progymnasmata 2.21
  95. 95Ovid, Metamorphoses 4.167–273; Lactantius Placidus, Argumenta 4.5; Paradoxographers anonymous, p. 222
  96. 96Hard, p. 45; Gantz, p. 34; Berens, p. 63; Grimal, s. v. Clytia
  97. 97Fontenrose, Joseph. The Gods Invoked in Epic Oaths: Aeneid, XII, 175-215. The American Journal of Philology 89, no. 1 (1968): pp 20–38.
  98. 98Sophocles, Ajax 845-860
  99. 99Diodorus Siculus, Historic Library 5.71.3
  100. 100Fr. *4 Serv. in Aen. 6.580 (de Titanomachia; II 81.12–13 Thilo et Hagen) = *4 GEF
  101. 101Titanomachy fragments 4.GEF, 11.EGEF and 12.EGEF in Tsagalis, p. 47
  102. 102Madigan, pp 48–49
  103. 103Pseudo-Apollodorus, Library 1.6.1
  104. 104Scholia on Pindar, Isthmian Odes 6.47b
  105. 106Aeschylus, Eumenides 294; Euripides, Heracles Gone Mad 1192–1194; Ion 987–997; Aristophanes, The Birds 824; Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica 3.232–234 (pp. 210–211), 3.1225–7 (pp. 276–277). See also
  106. 107Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 3.220–234
  107. 108Eustathius, Ad Odysseam 10.305; translation by Zucker and Le Feuvre p. 324: "Alexander of Paphos reports the following tale: Picoloos, one of the Giants, by fleeing from the war led against Zeus, reac
  108. 109The Argonautica of Apollonius Rhodius: Book III, p. 89 note 845
  109. 110Le Comte, p. 75
  110. 111Knight, p. 180
  111. 112Picón and Hemingway, p. 47
  112. 113LIMC 617 (Helios) .
  113. 114Faita, pp 202–203
  114. 115Now housed in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston and can be seen here.
  115. 116Fowler 1988, p. 98 n. 5; Pausanias, Description of Greece 2.1.6, 2.4.6.
  116. 117Dio Chrysostom, Discourses 37.11–12
  117. 118Aelian, On Animals 14.28
  118. 119Aesop, Fables 183
  119. 120Rea, Katherine A., The Neglected Heavens: Gender and the Cults of Helios, Selene, and Eos in Bronze Age and Historical Greece, (2014). Classics: Student Scholarship & Creative Works. Augustana College
  120. 121John Peter Anton and George L. Kustas, Essays in Ancient Greek Philosophy II, p. 236
  121. 122Decharme, pp 241–242
  122. 123Pseudo-Eratosthenes, Placings Among the Stars Orion; Pseudo-Apollodorus, Library 1.4.3; Hyginus, De astronomia 2.34.3; Servius, Commentary on the Aeneid 10.763
  123. 124Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica 2.178–86
  124. 125Pseudo-Oppian, Cynegetica 2.615
  125. 126Fowler, p. 222, vol. II; Gantz, pp 352–353.
  126. 127Apollodorus, Epitome 1.12
  127. 129Hyginus, Fabulae 205
  128. 130Alexander Stuart Murray and William H. Klapp, Handbook of World Mythology, p. 288
  129. 131Servius Commentary on Virgil's Eclogues 10.18
  130. 132Homeric Hymn 3 to Apollo 410–414
  131. 133Chris Rorres, Archimedes' count of Homer's Cattle of the Sun, 2008, Drexel University, chapter 3
  132. 134Homer, Odyssey 12.127–135
  133. 135Homeric Hymn 4 to Hermes 383
  134. 136Kimberley Christine Patton, Religion of the Gods: Ritual, Paradox, and Reflexivity p. 393
  135. 137Theocritus, Idylls 28 Heracles the Lion-Slayer 28.129-130
  136. 140Herodotus, Histories 9.93 –94
  137. 141Loney, p. 92
  138. 142Homer, Odyssey 12.352–388
  139. 143Lucian, Icaromenippus 20; Lucian is parodying here Anaxagoras' theory that the sun was a piece of blazing metal.
  140. 144Lucian, Icaromenippus 28
  141. 145Hard, p. 46, another Greek word for the Moon.
  142. 146Diodorus Siculus, Historic Library 3.57.2–8; Grimal, s. v. Basileia
  143. 147Caldwell, p. 41, note on lines 207–210
  144. 150Claudian, Rape of Persephone Book II
  145. 151Pausanias, Description of Greece 2.11.5
  146. 153Homeric Hymn 3 363-369
  147. 154Pausanias, Description of Greece 5.25.9
  148. 155Hecataeus of Miletus, fr. 35A Fowler (p. 141); Hard, p. 44.
  149. 156Bell, s. v. Perse
  150. 157Tzetzes ad Lycophron, 174 (Gk text)
  151. 158Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 3.597–600
  152. 159Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 3.309–313
  153. 160Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 4.220–221
  154. 161Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 3.1229
  155. 162Philostratus, Imagines 11
  156. 163Seneca, Medea 570
  157. 165Euripides, Medea 956
  158. 166Euripides, Medea 1322
  159. 167Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 1.9.28
  160. 168Seneca, Medea 32–41
  161. 169Boyle, p. 98
  162. 170Fowler 2013, pp. 14, 591–592; Hard, pp. 43, 105; Grimal, p. 404 "Rhode", pp. 404–405 "Rhodus"; Smith, "Rhode", "Rhodos"; Pindar, Olympian Odes 7.71–74; Diodorus Siculus, 5.55
  163. 171Nonnus, Dionysiaca 38.110-141, with a translation by William Henry Denham Rouse.
  164. 173Greek anthology Macedonius the Consul 5.223
  165. 174Pausanias, Description of Greece 5.1.9
  166. 175Keightley, p. 61
  167. 176Strabo, Geographica 10.3.19.
  168. 178Pausanias, Description of Greece 9.35.5 with a reference to Antimachus.
  169. 180Otherwise called daughters of Eurynome with Zeus (Hesiod Theogony 907) or of Aphrodite with Dionysus (Anacreontea fragment 38).
  170. 181TritopatoresSuidas — Suda On Line — 21 December 2000
  171. 182Stephanus of Byzantium, Ethnica s.v. Bisaltia
  172. 183Mostly represented as poplars mourning Phaethon's death beside the river Eridanus, weeping tears of amber in Ovid, Metamorphoses 2.340 & Hyginus, Fabulae 154
  173. 184Hecateus fragment 378
  174. 185Grimal s. v. Achelous
  175. 186Daughter of Amphidamas of Elis in Hyginus, Fabulae 14.3 & Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 1.172
  176. 187Natalis Comes, Mythologiae 3.1; Smith s.v. Acheron
  177. 188Hesiod, Theogony 956; Hyginus, Fabulae 27; Apollodorus, 1.9.1 and Tzetzes ad Lycophron, Alexandra 174
  178. 189In Nonnus Dionysiaca 17.269, wife of the river-god Hydaspes in India, mother of Deriades.
  179. 190In Hyginus De astronomia 2.13, a nymph with a beautiful body and a horrible face.
  180. 191In Pausanias, Description of Greece 2.1.1, ruler over Asopia.
  181. 192In Hyginus, Fabulae 275, founder of Camirus, a city in Rhodes.
  182. 193Lycophron, Alexandra 128 (pp. 504, 505).
  183. 195Argonautica Orphica 1217
  184. 196Stephanus of Byzantium, Ethnica s.v. Ambrakia
  185. 198Scholia on Pindar, Pythian Odes 4.57, in which she is also described as "sister to Pasiphaë", perhaps implying they also share a mother as well, either Perse or Crete.
  186. 199Nonnus, Dionysiaca 26.351, Nonnus calls her a Naiad, but says that her father is Oceanus.
  187. 203Hyginus, Fabulae 14.4. Either this Leucothoe or another is the mother of Thersanon according to Hyginus.
  188. 204Euripides, The Phoenician Women 175 ff.; Nonnus, Dionysiaca 44.191. Just like her sister Eos, she's more commonly said to be Helios' sister rather than his daughter.
  189. 205Pindar, O.2.32; Scholia on Pindar's Olympian Odes 2.58; more often the daughter of Nyx and Erebus.
  190. 206Quintus Smyrnaeus, Fall of Troy 10.337
  191. 207Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca historica 4.60.4
  192. 208Tzetzes, Chiliades 4.361
  193. 209Bell, s. v. Dirce (1)
  194. 210Diodorus Siculus, Historic Library 4.45.1
  195. 211Beck, p. 59
  196. 212Scholia on Pindar's Odes I.5.3; "The Sun came from Theia and Hyperion, and from the Sun came gold". Pindar himself described Chrysus/Gold as a son of Zeus.
  197. 213Palaephatus, On Unbelievable Things 30
  198. 214Meisner, p. 31
  199. 215Notopoulos 1942 instances Aeschylus' Agamemnon 508, Choephoroe 993, Suppliants 213, and Sophocles' Oedipus Rex 660 and 1425.
  200. 216Anaxagoras biography
  201. 217Ogden, p. 200
  202. 218Hoffmann, Herbert. "Helios." Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 2 (1963): 117–24.
  203. 219Scholia ad Sophocli Oedipus at Colonus 91; Xenis p. 72
  204. 220Robert E. Meagher, p. 142
  205. 221Athenaeus, Scholars at Dinner 25.48
  206. 223Farnell, p. 19, 143. vol. IV
  207. 224Parker, p. 417
  208. 225Harrison, p. 79; a scholiast says "At the Pyanepsia and the Thargelia the Athenians hold a feast to Helios and the Horae, and the boys carry about branches twined with wool,"
  209. 226Parker, p. 204
  210. 227Gardner and Jevons, p. 294
  211. 228Parker, p. 203, note 52: "Deubner ... and Σ. vet. Ar. Plut. 1054c treat the Thargelia (and Pyanopsia) as festivals of the Sun and Seasons. Once could on that basis equally well link the Sun and Season
  212. 229Lupu, p. 64
  213. 230Miles, p. 112
  214. 231CGRN File 54
  215. 232Bekker, p. 215, vol. I
  216. 233Hesychius of Alexandria s. v.
  217. 234Julius Pollux 6.74
  218. 235Porphyry, On Abstinence from Animal Food 2.7
  219. 236Allaire Brumfield, Cakes in the Liknon: Votives from the Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore on Acrocorinth, Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens Vol. 66, No. 1 (Jan.
  220. 237Patriarch Photius s. v.
  221. 238Ovid, Fasti 1.385–386
  222. 239Plato, The Republic 7.517b–7.517c
  223. 240Martin, p. 302; Olderr, p. 98; Barnhart (1995:778).
  224. 241Philochorus 181; Müller, s. v. Sol, Hyperionis
  225. 242Oxford Classical Dictionary s.v. Helios, "But it was not until the later Roman empire that Helios/*Sol grew into a figure of central importance in actual cult."
  226. 243Farnell, p. 418, vol. V
  227. 244BookA dictionary of classical antiquities : mythology, religion, literature & artOskar Seyffert — London : S. Sonnenschein; New York : Macmillan — 1901
  228. 245Parker, p. 138
  229. 246Farnell, p. 20, vol. IV
  230. 247Gardner and Jevons, p. 247
  231. 248Rhodes in Ancient Times, p. 73
  232. 249Harrison, Jane E. "Helios-Hades." The Classical Review, vol. 22, no. 1, Classical Association, Cambridge University Press, 1908, pp. 12–16
  233. 250Xenophon of Ephesus, Ephesian Tale pp. 107-108; Dillon 2002, p. 216
  234. 251Suda, alpha, 1155
  235. 252Hemingway, p. 36
  236. 253Strabo, Geography 14.2.5
  237. 254Higgins, Reynold (1988) "The Colossus of Rhodes" p. 130, in The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, Peter A. Clayton and Martin Jessop Price (eds.). Psychology Press, .
  238. 255Ekroth, p. 210
  239. 256Malkin, p. 245
  240. 257Larson 2001, p. 207
  241. 258Rhodes in Ancient Times, p. 83
  242. 259Ogden, p. 204
  243. 260Farnell, p. 419, vol. V
  244. 261Pausanias, Description of Greece 2.11.1
  245. 262Pausanias, Description of Greece 3.20.4
  246. 263Nagy, p. 100 n. 70
  247. 264Pausanias, Description of Greece 3.26.1
  248. 265The Classical Review, p. 77, vol. 7
  249. 266Pausanias, Description of Greece 2.18.3
  250. 267Pausanias, Description of Greece 2.34.10
  251. 268Vermaseren, p. 150; CIG Pel. I = IG IV, 12, 700.
  252. 269Vermaseren, p. 149
  253. 271Hesychius of Alexandria s. v.
  254. 272Farnell, note 40, vol. V
  255. 273Farnell, p. 138, vol. IV
  256. 275Pausanias, Description of Greece 10.11.5
  257. 276Miller, pp 33–35
  258. 277Plato, Laws 12.946b-e
  259. 279Nawotka, p. 109
  260. 280Warrior, p. 10
  261. 281Fletcher, pp 116 and 186
  262. 282Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 88–94
  263. 283Smith Helaine, p. 42
  264. 284van der Toorn et al, s.v. Helios, p. 396
  265. 285Toorn et al, s.v. Helios p. 397
  266. 286Sommerstein, Bayliss, p. 162
  267. 287Gardner and Jevons, p. 232; A treaty between Smyrna and Magnesia-by-Sipylos OGIS: 229
  268. 288Ogden 2001, p. 211
  269. 289Sharynne MacLeod NicMhacha, Queen of the Night: Rediscovering the Celtic Moon Goddess, Weiser Books, 2005; pp 62-63; .
  270. 290Faraone and Obbink, p. 46
  271. 291Collins, p. 128
  272. 292HALUSZKA, ADRIA. "SACRED SIGNIFIED: THE SEMIOTICS OF STATUES IN THE 'GREEK MAGICAL PAPYRI.'" Arethusa, vol. 41, no. 3, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008, pp. 479–94
  273. 293Faraone, p. 139
  274. 294Faraone, p. 141
  275. 295Faraone, p. 105
  276. 296Euripides, Iphigenia Among the Taurians 42–45: But the strange visions which the night brought with it, I will tell to the air, if that is any relief. I dreamed that I had left this land to live in Ar
  277. 297Cropp, p.176
  278. 298Thonemann, p. 146
  279. 299Thonemann, p. 151
  280. 300Pachoumi, Eleni, "The Religious and Philosophical Assimilations of Helios in the Greek Magical Papyri", in Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies, vol. 55, pp. 391–413. PDF.
  281. 301BookThe Works of the Emperor Julian, Vol. 1Emperor of Rome Julian — 2015-04-07
  282. 302BookThe Churches and Catacombs of Early Christian RomeMatilda Webb — Sussex Academic Press — 2001
  283. 303BookThe Oxford History of Western ArtMartin Kemp — Oxford University Press — 2000
  284. 305Roscher, p. 927
  285. 306A Greek-English Lexicon s.v. ἐλάσιππος
  286. 307Homer, Iliad 19.398
  287. 308Pausanias, Description of Greece 2.31.5
  288. 309Usener, p. 261
  289. 310A Greek-English Lexicon s.v. ὡροτρόφος
  290. 311Hesychius of Alexandria s. v.
  291. 312Versnel, p. 119, especially note 93.
  292. 313See παιών in LSJ
  293. 314Walton, p. 34
  294. 315Orphic Hymn 8 to the Sun 16
  295. 316Archilochus 61.3; Scholia on Euripides' Hecuba 1103
  296. 317Diggle p. 138
  297. 318Pausanias, Description of Greece 8.31.7
  298. 319See τιτώ and Τιτάν in LSJ
  299. 320Larson 2007, p. 158
  300. 321Euripides, Phaethon fr. 781 Collard and Cropp = fr. 781 N2.
  301. 322BookThe Iliad of HomerHomer, William Cullen Bryant — Ashmead — 1809
  302. 323G. Lancellotti, Attis, Between Myth and History: King, Priest, and God, BRILL, 2002
  303. 324Guthrie, p. 43, says "The Orphics never had the power to bring it about, but it was their purpose to foster it, and in their syncretistic literature they identified the two gods i.e. Apollo and Dionys
  304. 325Strabo, Geographica 14.1.6
  305. 326Pausanias, Description of Greece 7.23.8
  306. 328Orphic Hymn 34 to Apollo 3 and 8 (Athanassakis and Wolkow, pp 30–31).
  307. 329Athenaeus, Scholars at Dinner 14.10
  308. 330Farnell, p. 137, vol. IV
  309. 331Scythinus fragment here in Plutarch's De Pythiae Oraculis 16.402a
  310. 332BookPetrarch's genius: pentimento and prophecyO'Rourke Boyle Marjorie — University of California press — 1991
  311. 333Ovid, Metamorphoses 7.367
  312. 334Virgil, Aeneid 4.6
  313. 335Statius, Thebaid 8.271
  314. 337Mayerson, p. 146
  315. 338JournalThe world of the Etruscan mirrorJ.D. Beazley — 1949
  316. 339BookThe Religion of the EtruscansNancy Thomson de Grummond et al. — University of Texas Press — 2009-04-20
  317. 340Fischer-Hansen and Poulsen, p. 281
  318. 342Lalonde, p. 82
  319. 343Plutarch, Quaestiones Romanae Why do they believe that the year belongs to Jupiter, but the months to Juno?
  320. 344Euripides, Medea 1258; The Play of Texts and Fragments: Essays in Honour of Martin Cropp by J. Robert C. Cousland, James, 2009, p. 161
  321. 345Cook, pp 188–189
  322. 346Cook, p. 190
  323. 347Cook, p. 193
  324. 348Manoledakis, Manolis. "A Proposal Relating to a Votive Inscription to Zeus Helios from Pontus." Zeitschrift Für Papyrologie Und Epigraphik 173 (2010): 116–18.
  325. 349Elmaghrabi, Mohamed G. "A Dedication to Zeus Helios Megas Sarapis on a 'Gazophylakion' from Alexandria." Zeitschrift Für Papyrologie Und Epigraphik 200 (2016): 219–28.
  326. 350Cook, p. 194
  327. 351Nilsson 1906, p. 428
  328. 352Inman, p. 29
  329. 353Macrobius, Saturnalia 1.18.19; Dillon, p. 343
  330. 354Platt, p .387
  331. 355Kraemer, p. 165
  332. 356Collignon, p. 178
  333. 357Classical Manual, p. 572
  334. 358Savignoni, p. 270
  335. 359Paipetis, p. 365
  336. 360Paipetis, p. 357
  337. 361Savignoni, p. 267
  338. 362See the vase here.
  339. 363Neils, pp 236–237
  340. 364Palagia, pp 18–19
  341. 365Robertson, Martin 1981, p. 96
  342. 366Pausanias, Description of Greece 5.11.8
  343. 367Robertson 1992, p. 255
  344. 368Morris, p. 87
  345. 369The Nineteenth Century Vol. 17, p. 671
  346. 370Roberts, p. 215
  347. 371Pausanias, Description of Greece 6.24.6
  348. 372Pausanias, Description of Greece 2.3.2
  349. 373Riggs, p. 449
  350. 374C. Vermeule and D. von Bothmer, "Notes on a New Edition of Michaelis: Ancient Marbles in Great Britain." American Journal of Archaeology vol. 63, no. 2 (1959): p. 146
  351. 375Steinberg, p. 144
  352. 376Long, p. 314
  353. 377Kraemer, p. 158
  354. 378Ḥaḵlîlî, pp 195-196
  355. 379Dunbabin, pp 191-192
  356. 380Decharme, pp 240–241
  357. 381Aelian, On Animals 10.26
  358. 382Stoneman, p. 28
  359. 383Bull, p. 330
  360. 384Bull, p. 352
  361. 385Impelluso, p. 23
  362. 386Hall, p. 66
  363. 387Cosgrove, p. 168
  364. 388Hall, p. 27
  365. 389Impelluso, p. 24
  366. 390Hall, p. 252
  367. 391Seydle, p. 33
  368. 392Powell, pp 236–237
  369. 393Jean-Baptiste Lully, Phaëton
  370. 394Miller and Newlands, p. 377
  371. 395Powell, p. 266
  372. 396Helios und Phaethon.
  373. 397Ulysses Guide: 14. Oxen of the Sun
  374. 398Lucian of Samosata, A True Story p. 23
  375. 399HeliosOxford University Press
  376. 400JournalInaugural Address of Sir William ThomsonWilliam Thomson — August 3, 1871
  377. 401Search Satellite Database: HELIOS 1
  378. 402NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive and NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive Note that there is no "Epoch end" date given, which is NASA's way of saying it is still in orbit.
  379. 403God of War – Every Boss Fight in the Series, Ranked
  380. 404Elysia - Destroy Leviathan Seed - Metroid Prime 3: Corruption Wiki Guide29 March 2012
  381. 405Deus Ex Walkthrough Ending 2 - Merge with Helios AI15 September 2021
  382. 406Hesiod, Theogony 132–138, 337–411, 453–520, 901–906, 915–920; Caldwell, pp. 8–11, tables 11–14.
  383. 407Although usually the daughter of Hyperion and Theia, as in Hesiod, Theogony 371–374, in the Homeric Hymn to Hermes (4), 99–100, Selene is instead made the daughter of Pallas the son of Megamedes.
  384. 408According to Hesiod, Theogony 507–511, Clymene, one of the Oceanids, the daughters of Oceanus and Tethys, at Hesiod, Theogony 351, was the mother by Iapetus of Atlas, Menoetius, Prometheus, and Epimet
  385. 409According to Plato, Critias, 113d–114a, Atlas was the son of Poseidon and the mortal Cleito.
  386. 410In Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 18, 211, 873 (Sommerstein, pp. 444–445 n. 2, 446–447 n. 24, 538–539 n. 113) Prometheus is made to be the son of Themis.