Molecular clock estimates place the genus Ficus at least 60 million years old, with some data suggesting an origin as far back as 80 million years. The main radiation of extant species likely occurred between 20 and 40 million years ago.
Figs reproduce through a specialized partnership with wasps belonging to the Agaonidae family via a unique inflorescence structure called a syconium. Adult wasps enter the fruit through a small opening known as an ostiole to pollinate flowers hidden inside the urn-like structure.
Evidence suggests that common figs were among the first plant species deliberately bred for agriculture in the Middle East over 11,000 years ago. Nine subfossil Ficus carica figs dated between 9400 and 9200 BCE were discovered at the early Neolithic village site Gilgal I near Jericho.
The oldest living plant with a known planting date is a sacred fig tree called Sri Maha Bodhi planted in Anuradhapura Sri Lanka by King Tissa in 288 BCE. This species holds profound importance within Buddhism where the Buddha is traditionally held to have found enlightenment while meditating under it for 49 days.
Certain species including Ficus cotinifolia produce papel amate paper used traditionally in Mesoamerica while Mutuba creates barkcloth in Uganda. The inner bark of wild figs locally called urú was once utilized by indigenous groups in Bolivia to manufacture fibrous cloth for clothing.