Skip to content
— CH. 1 · INTRODUCTION —

Elizabeth Warren

~9 min read · Ch. 1 of 7
7 sections
  • Elizabeth Warren once described her childhood family as teetering "on the ragged edge of the middle class" and "kind of hanging on at the edges by our fingernails." Born Elizabeth Ann Herring in Oklahoma City on the 22nd of June 1949, she grew up watching her family strain under financial pressure after her father's heart attack forced him from a sales job at Montgomery Ward to work as a maintenance man for an apartment building. The family's car was eventually repossessed. Her mother found work at Sears. At thirteen, Warren was already waiting tables at her aunt's restaurant.

    From those circumstances emerged a legal scholar who would reshape how Americans understand bankruptcy, a regulator who helped build the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau from scratch, and a senator who in her very first Banking Committee hearing asked the question that drew more than a million online views in a matter of days: when had regulators last taken a Wall Street bank to trial? How did a girl from Oklahoma with a debate scholarship and a marriage at nineteen become one of the most cited bankruptcy scholars in the country, and then one of the most recognizable figures in American progressive politics? The answers are stranger and more complicated than the biography suggests.

  • Warren won a debate scholarship to George Washington University at the age of sixteen. She left after two years, in 1968, to marry Jim Warren, whom she had met in high school, and moved with him to Houston when he took a job at IBM. She enrolled at the University of Houston and graduated in 1970 with a degree in speech pathology and audiology, then spent a year teaching children with disabilities in a public school.

    When Jim received a job transfer to New Jersey, Warren eventually enrolled at Rutgers Law School. She received her Juris Doctor in 1976 and passed the bar examination shortly thereafter. She began her legal career offering services from home, writing wills and doing real estate closings, while also raising two children.

    Her academic career began at Rutgers University Newark School of Law in 1977. By 1980, at the University of Houston Law Center, she was already an associate dean, and she obtained tenure there in 1981. She later joined the University of Texas School of Law, then the University of Pennsylvania Law School, where she became the William A. Schnader Professor of Commercial Law in 1990. In 1995, she left Penn to become Leo Gottlieb Professor of Law at Harvard Law School. By 1996, she had become the highest-paid professor at Harvard who was not an administrator, with a salary of $181,300 and total compensation of $291,876. From 2005 to 2009, she ranked among the three most-cited scholars in bankruptcy and commercial law.

  • Warren's earliest academic work drew heavily on law and economics, a movement applying neoclassical economic theory to legal study with an emphasis on efficiency. A 1980 article she published in the Notre Dame Law Review argued that public utilities were over-regulated and that automatic utility rate increases should be instituted. That position would become almost unrecognizable against her later career.

    Her shift came through the research itself. She and her colleagues Teresa A. Sullivan and Jay Westbrook dug into court records and interviewed judges, lawyers, and debtors, establishing her as a rising star in bankruptcy law. One of her key insights, which economists who follow her work have credited her with, was that rising bankruptcy rates were driven not by reckless spending but by middle-class families trying to buy homes in good school districts. In 1989, the three published their findings in the book As We Forgive Our Debtors. Warren later recalled that she had begun the research believing most people filing for bankruptcy were either working the system or had been irresponsible, and that she found instead that such abuse was rare and the legal framework was poorly designed. She described the experience as "worse than disillusionment" and "like being shocked at a deep-down level."

    In 2004, Warren and her daughter Amelia Tyagi published The Two-Income Trap, which argued that correlating middle-class financial struggles with over-consumption was a fallacy. A 2005 study she co-authored with David Himmelstein found that half of all families filing for bankruptcy did so in the aftermath of a serious medical problem, and that three-quarters of those families had carried medical insurance at the time.

  • In 1995, the National Bankruptcy Review Commission's chair, former congressman Mike Synar, asked Warren to advise the commission. Synar had been a debate opponent of Warren's during their school years. She helped draft the commission's report and spent several years opposing legislation that would restrict consumers' right to file for bankruptcy. Those efforts did not succeed: in 2005, Congress passed the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act, which curtailed that access.

    On the 14th of November 2008, Senate majority leader Harry Reid appointed Warren to chair the five-member Congressional Oversight Panel created to oversee implementation of the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act. The panel released monthly reports covering foreclosure mitigation, consumer lending, commercial real estate, AIG, bank stress tests, TARP's impact on financial markets, the automotive industry, and other topics.

    Warren's scholarship and public advocacy were the driving force behind the establishment of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, which was created by the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, signed into law in July 2010. In September 2010, President Obama named Warren Assistant to the President and Special Advisor to the Secretary of the Treasury to set up the new agency. Liberal and consumer advocacy groups pushed for her to become the bureau's first director, but financial institutions and Republican members of Congress strongly opposed her. Reportedly convinced she could not win Senate confirmation, Obama in January 2012 appointed former Ohio attorney general Richard Cordray to the post instead.

  • On the 14th of September 2011, Warren declared her intention to run for the U.S. Senate seat in Massachusetts that Republican Scott Brown had won in a 2010 special election following Ted Kennedy's death. A week later, a video of Warren speaking in Andover went viral. In it, she responded to the charge that taxing the wealthy more is "class warfare" with a direct statement about the social infrastructure that makes private wealth possible: "There is nobody in this country who got rich on his own. Nobody."

    Warren raised $39 million for the 2012 campaign, more than any other Senate candidate that year. She won the Democratic nomination with a record 95.77% of delegate votes and defeated Brown with 53.7% of the vote on the 6th of November 2012, becoming the first woman ever elected to the U.S. Senate from Massachusetts.

    At her first Banking Committee hearing in February 2013, she pressed banking regulators to say when they had last taken a Wall Street bank to trial, saying, "I'm really concerned that 'too big to fail' has become 'too big for trial'." Videos of the questioning drew more than one million views within days. At a March hearing she challenged Treasury officials over the decision not to bring criminal charges against HSBC for money laundering, comparing the bank's treatment favorably to the treatment of someone caught with an ounce of cocaine.

    She was reelected in 2018, defeating Republican Geoff Diehl 60% to 36%, and again in 2024, defeating attorney John Deaton 59.6% to 40.4%. In February 2017, during the Senate debate over Jeff Sessions's nomination for attorney general, Warren began reading a letter Coretta Scott King had written in 1986. Senate Republicans ruled she had violated Senate Rule 19 and barred her from further participation in the debate. Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell explained the ruling from the floor: "She was warned. She was given an explanation. Nevertheless, she persisted." That phrase became a slogan and was taken up by the Women's History Month theme in 2018.

  • Warren officially announced her 2020 presidential candidacy on the 9th of February 2019, at a rally in Lawrence, Massachusetts, at the site of the 1912 Bread and Roses strike. She became known for the number and depth of her policy proposals: plans to address student loan debt and offer free tuition at public colleges, a proposal to make large corporations pay more in taxes, a plan to regulate large technology companies, and a signature wealth tax she called the "Ultra-Millionaire Tax" on fortunes over $50 million. "I have a plan for that" became a campaign catchphrase.

    An October 2019 Quinnipiac poll placed Warren in the lead at 28%, with Biden at 21% and Sanders at 15%. A September Iowa poll had placed her at 22% to Biden's 20%, with 71% of Iowa respondents saying they were at least considering voting for her. In the third quarter of 2019, her campaign raised $24.6 million, just under Sanders's $25.3 million and well ahead of Biden's $15.2 million. Her average donation was $26.

    After the ninth Democratic primary debate on the 19th of February 2020, Warren drew significant attention for pressing fellow candidate Mike Bloomberg on his non-transparent tax records, allegations of misogyny, and history of redlining poor neighborhoods. She demanded that Bloomberg nullify non-disclosure agreements his female associates were bound by.

    Support for her campaign eventually faded. She finished third in Massachusetts's own Democratic primary. She withdrew from the race on the 5th of March 2020, after Super Tuesday. In June 2020, CNN reported she was among the top four vice-presidential choices for Joe Biden, along with Keisha Lance Bottoms, Val Demings, and Kamala Harris. Biden ultimately chose Harris, who was announced on the 11th of August 2020.

  • Warren has described herself as a "thorn" to the Obama administration, taking pride in publicly disagreeing with its major economic officials. In his 2024 book The Rebels, journalist Joshua Green credits Warren with demonstrating a new approach in national politics: engaging in "big, loud, messy fights that offered moral clarity and galvanized public sentiment behind a position." Fellow journalist Brian Stelter credited Warren, alongside Sanders and Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, with leading an economic backlash to the 2008 financial crisis that pulled the Democratic Party toward more progressive economic positions.

    Warren's influence has extended well beyond legislation. She has mentored a range of politicians who went on to notable offices. Former U.S. Representative Katie Porter, a former law student, co-chaired Warren's presidential campaign. Michelle Wu, now mayor of Boston, was also a law student of Warren's and worked on her 2012 Senate campaign. Suffolk County Sheriff Steven W. Tompkins got his start in politics on that same 2012 campaign. Former U.S. Representative Joe Kennedy III considered Warren a mentor during his law school studies.

    Warren holds strong views that "personnel is policy" and has worked to shape which people staff Democratic administrations. Beginning in December 2014, she discreetly pressed Hillary Clinton to commit to not appointing Wall Street-friendly people to a potential Clinton administration. After Biden took office, former Warren economic policy advisor Bharat Ramamurti and former Warren senate advisor Sasha Baker joined the administration, and within the first three weeks Biden had named four of Warren's campaign and Senate staffers to positions. By March 2021, Politico described Warren as having a "small army" of former aides and allies running the administration's key posts across finance, education, and the National Security Council.

Common questions

What is Elizabeth Warren known for politically?

Elizabeth Warren is the senior U.S. senator from Massachusetts, serving since 2013, and is widely regarded as a progressive focused on consumer protection, equitable economic opportunity, and the social safety net. She is credited with proposing and helping establish the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau and was a candidate in the 2020 Democratic presidential primaries, finishing third behind Joe Biden and Bernie Sanders.

Where did Elizabeth Warren go to law school?

Elizabeth Warren received her Juris Doctor from Rutgers Law School in 1976. She went on to teach law at the University of Houston, the University of Texas at Austin, the University of Pennsylvania, and Harvard University, becoming the Leo Gottlieb Professor of Law at Harvard in 1995.

What is the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau and what was Elizabeth Warren's role in creating it?

The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) is a federal agency established by the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, signed into law in July 2010. Warren's scholarship and public advocacy were the driving force behind its creation, and in September 2010 President Obama named her Special Advisor to the Secretary of the Treasury to set up the new agency, making her its first special advisor.

When did Elizabeth Warren first win election to the U.S. Senate?

Warren won her first Senate election on the 6th of November 2012, defeating Republican incumbent Scott Brown with 53.7% of the vote. She became the first woman ever elected to the U.S. Senate from Massachusetts and raised $39 million for the campaign, more than any other Senate candidate that year.

What is Elizabeth Warren's stance on bankruptcy law and how did her research shape it?

Warren began her academic career influenced by law and economics theory but shifted her views after conducting on-the-ground research. She concluded that rising bankruptcy rates were caused primarily by middle-class families trying to buy homes in good school districts, not by reckless spending, and that the legal framework for bankruptcy was poorly designed. She published these findings with colleagues Teresa A. Sullivan and Jay Westbrook in the 1989 book As We Forgive Our Debtors.

What happened when Elizabeth Warren read Coretta Scott King's letter on the Senate floor?

In February 2017, while reading a letter Coretta Scott King had written in 1986 about Senate nominee Jeff Sessions, Senate Republicans ruled that Warren had violated Senate Rule 19 and barred her from further participating in the debate on Sessions's nomination for attorney general. Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell explained the ruling with the words "She was warned. She was given an explanation. Nevertheless, she persisted," a phrase that became a widely used slogan and was taken up as the Women's History Month theme in 2018.

All sources

268 references cited across the entry

  1. 1webFor Professor Warren, a steep climbStephanie Ebbert et al. — August 19, 2012
  2. 3webElizabeth WarrenHarvard Law School
  3. 4newsElizabeth Warren Grapples with Presidential Loss in New BookLisa Lerer — May 1, 2021
  4. 6webInside Biden and Warren's Yearslong FeudTheodoric Meyer — March 12, 2019
  5. 9webSen. Warren wins re-election, promptly rips into TrumpSteve LeBlanc — November 7, 2018
  6. 14newsElizabeth Warren defeats Scott BrownNoah Bierman et al. — November 7, 2012
  7. 16bookThe Unwinding, an inner history of the New AmericaGeorge Packer — Farrar, Straus, and Giroux — 2013
  8. 17newsElizabeth Warren Fast FactsDecember 31, 2018
  9. 19newsDonald J Herring ObituaryDecember 5, 1997
  10. 21newsA girl who soared, but longed to belongNoah Bierman — February 12, 2012
  11. 22webReligion is constant part of Elizabeth Warren's lifeVictoria McGrane — September 2, 2017
  12. 23newsWarren's extended family split about heritageSally Jacobs — September 16, 2017
  13. 24newsThe Woman Who Knew Too MuchSuzanna Andrews — November 2011
  14. 26newsWarren Winning Means No Sale If You Can't Explain ItMark Pittman et al. — November 19, 2009
  15. 27newsFamily long a bedrock for WarrenStephanie Ebbert — October 24, 2012
  16. 28newsThe Watchdog: Elizabeth WarrenCharles P. Pierce — December 20, 2009
  17. 29webConversation with Elizabeth WarrenHarry Kreisler — Institute of International Studies, University of California, Berkeley — March 8, 2007
  18. 31webCurriculum VitaeElizabeth Warren — Harvard Law School — 2008
  19. 32newsElizabeth Warren on health care and religionEugene Joseph Jr. Dionne — August 23, 2012
  20. 33newsElizabeth Warren's unorthodox careerLeon Neyfakh — October 22, 2011
  21. 36newsHarvard's Top Five Salaries Total More Than $1.5MAdam Hickey — The Harvard Crimson — September 19, 1997
  22. 40webThe Making of Elizabeth WarrenMichael Kruse — November 30, 2018
  23. 42webThe new bankruptcy law and youJeanne Sahadi — October 17, 2005
  24. 49newsBehind Consumer Agency Idea, a Tireless AdvocateJodi Kantor — March 25, 2010
  25. 50webTARP and Other Government Assistance for AIGU.S. Government Publishing Office — May 26, 2010
  26. 54newsAn Agency Builder, but Not Yet Its LeaderEdward Wyatt — July 4, 2011
  27. 55newsLousy Filibusters: Richard Cordray EditionAndres Rosenthal — December 8, 2011
  28. 57newsAppointment Clears the Way for Consumer Agency to ActEdward Wyatt — January 4, 2012
  29. 58webLiz Was a Diehard ConservativeAlex Thompson — April 12, 2019
  30. 59newsElizabeth Warren: 'I Created Occupy Wall Street'Samuel P. Jacobs — October 24, 2011
  31. 60webWhy Elizabeth Warren Left The GOPJeff Spross — April 27, 2014
  32. 61webThe Making of Elizabeth WarrenMichael Kruse — November 30, 2018
  33. 62newsWarren Kicks Off Senate CampaignMaya Jackson Randall — September 14, 2011
  34. 64newsClass warfare, Elizabeth Warren styleGreg Sargent — September 21, 2011
  35. 65newsThe underlying social contractSteve Benen — September 21, 2011
  36. 66newsThe context behind Obama's 'you didn't build that'Michael Smerconish — July 30, 2012
  37. 67newsAn unoriginal Obama quote, taken out of contextGlenn Kessler — July 23, 2012
  38. 70newsElizabeth Warren agrees to WBZ-TV debate with Scott BrownMichael Levenson — June 5, 2012
  39. 72newsA New Senator, Known Nationally and Sometimes FearedKatharine Q. Seelye — November 11, 2012
  40. 73newsElizabeth Warren: 'The System Is Rigged'Gregory J. Krieg et al. — September 5, 2012
  41. 74newsElizabeth Warren: 'Wall Street CEOs' Still 'Strut Around Congress'Mark Silva — Bloomberg — September 5, 2012
  42. 75newsWarren attacks CEOs who 'wrecked economy'Stephanie Kirchgaessner — September 6, 2012
  43. 76newsWarren announces she's running for re-electionVictoria McGrane et al. — January 6, 2017
  44. 78webElizabeth Warren running for 3rd US Senate term in 2024Steve LeBlanc — March 27, 2023
  45. 80newsElizabeth Warren assigned to Senate banking committeeBrian Montopoli — December 12, 2012
  46. 82newsSenator Warren's rebuke of regulators goes viralLynch, S. N. — February 19, 2013
  47. 83newsSen. Warren Lets LooseDavid Riley — March 11, 2013
  48. 87webStudent LoansBernie Sanders — United States Senate — May 17, 2013
  49. 90webElizabeth Warren Gets a Promotion – Or Does She?Kevin Drum — November 13, 2014
  50. 91webElizabeth Warren Gets Senate Democratic Leadership SpotAmanda Terkel et al. — November 13, 2014
  51. 93webElevating Elizabeth WarrenRussell Berman — November 13, 2014
  52. 94newsWhat Will the TPP Mean for China?Barry Naughton et al. — October 7, 2015
  53. 95newsWarren calls on progressives to help fight TPPCassella, Megan — July 7, 2015
  54. 96newsObama says Elizabeth Warren 'absolutely wrong' on tradeBohn, Kevin — October 7, 2015
  55. 99newsWells Fargo's CEO just got grilled by the SenateBob Bryan — September 20, 2016
  56. 100newsWarren raises foreign policy profile with Armed Services assignmentVictoria McGrane — December 14, 2016
  57. 103newsSenate votes to shut up Elizabeth WarrenSeung Min Kim — February 8, 2017
  58. 105newsWells Fargo CEO faces angry Warren, CongressKen Sweet — October 3, 2017
  59. 108newsArea Members Of Congress React To Capitol ChaosJim Levulis — January 6, 2021
  60. 113magazineElizabeth Warren is Hillary Clinton's NightmareNoam Scheiber — November 10, 2013
  61. 116magazineWhy Isn't Elizabeth Warren Running for President?John Cassidy — December 15, 2014
  62. 117newsRun, Hillary, run, say Senate's Dem womenAlexandra Jaffe — October 30, 2013
  63. 119newsClinton must make Elizabeth Warren her vice presidentDana Milbank — March 4, 2016
  64. 120newsElizabeth Warren endorses ClintonAnnie Linskey et al. — June 9, 2016
  65. 121newsHillary Clinton narrows VP list to 5 peopleRob Smith — July 8, 2016
  66. 122newsElizabeth Warren: "I'm still cheering Bernie on"Nicole Gaudiano — March 25, 2016
  67. 126newsWarren blasts Trump; he calls her 'Pocahontas'David Wright — May 25, 2016
  68. 131newsElizabeth Warren Announces She Is Running for President in 2020Astead W. Herndon et al. — December 31, 2018
  69. 132newsOff and running: Warren launches presidential bid in LawrencePaul Tennant — February 10, 2019
  70. 136magazineCan Elizabeth Warren Win It All?Sheela Kolhatkar — June 24, 2019
  71. 137webIltra-Millionaire TaxElizabeth Warren for President.
  72. 142newsElizabeth Warren, Once a Front-Runner, Drops Out of Presidential RaceAstead W. Herndon et al. — March 5, 2020
  73. 146newsAre Warren and Sanders '100% grassroots-funded'?Salvador Rizzo — September 30, 2019
  74. 153newsElizabeth Warren's Dog Is Campaigning For Her While She's Stuck In WashingtonMolly Hensley-Clancy et al. — January 29, 2020
  75. 157newsWarren and Brown share July 12 anniversary dateMichael Levenson — July 12, 2012
  76. 158newsElizabeth Warren: 'I was hurt, and I was angry'MJ Lee — April 16, 2014
  77. 159newsElizabeth Warren's familyStephanie Ebbert — October 25, 2012
  78. 160newsElizabeth Warren's brother dies from coronavirusQuint Forgey — April 23, 2020
  79. 163newsThe Net Worth Of Every 2020 Presidential CandidateDan Alexander — August 14, 2019
  80. 164newsHow Elizabeth Warren Built A $12 Million FortuneMichela Tindera — August 20, 2019
  81. 165webElizabeth Warren's net worth: Senator salary, real estate & moreBrian O'Connell et al. — January 5, 2025
  82. 167webElizabeth Warren's 11 Commandments of ProgressivismEmma Roller — National Journal — July 18, 2014
  83. 173newsEnd US complicity in Yemen's humanitarian disasterElizabeth Warren et al. — October 8, 2018
  84. 177newsHere's which senators voted for or against the Respect for Marriage ActMourtoupalas and Blanco — November 29, 2022
  85. 178newsElizabeth Warren: We Can Prevent More Bank FailuresElizabeth Warren — March 13, 2023
  86. 183newsElizabeth Warren's family has mixed memories about heritageSally Jacobs — September 16, 2012
  87. 184webBrown continues offense on Warren over Native American claimsAshley Killough et al. — May 8, 2012
  88. 186magazineElizabeth Warren's Family TiesKelefa Sanneh — June 3, 2012
  89. 190magazineElizabeth Warren, Scott Brown and the Myth of RaceTouré — October 5, 2012
  90. 191webDespite Pledge, Gloves Are Off In Massachusetts Senate RaceCurt Nickisch — September 25, 2012
  91. 193webBrown hits Warren on Cherokee claimDavid Catanese — September 20, 2012
  92. 194newsCandidate for Senate Defends Past HiringKatharine Q. Seelye et al. — April 30, 2012
  93. 196newsDirectories identified Warren as minorityStephanie Ebbert — The Boston Globe — April 30, 2012
  94. 198newsEthnicity not a factor in Elizabeth Warren's rise in lawAnnie Linskey — September 1, 2018
  95. 201webWhat Elizabeth Warren Still Doesn't GetBriahna Gray — October 16, 2018
  96. 208news <!-- this was published with no author byline -->US senator Elizabeth Warren faces backlash after indigenous DNA claimOctober 16, 2018
  97. 224newsWho's left? The top 20 US progressivesMehdi Hasan — January 11, 2012
  98. 226magazineElizabeth WarrenJosh Marshall — April 30, 2009
  99. 227magazineElizabeth WarrenSheila Bair — April 29, 2010
  100. 231newsElizabeth Warren on Charlie RoseCharlie Rose et al. — May 11, 2009
  101. 234newsSenator Elizabeth Warren targeted by 'Saturday Night Live'Sean Smyth — February 12, 2017
  102. 235webSaturday Night Live: Bow Down to Kate McKinnon's Elizabeth WarrenKaren Valby — Vanity Fair — October 13, 2019
  103. 237magazineAlexandria Ocasio-Cortez is on the 2019 TIME 100 ListElizabeth Warren — 2019
  104. 238newsInside the Elizabeth Warren merchandising empireLauren Dezenski — August 13, 2017
  105. 239newsWill Elizabeth Warren get an action figure?Cristela Guerra — June 5, 2017
  106. 240webShe PersistedJonathon Mann — February 8, 2017
  107. 241webWhere Are You Elizabeth WarrenJonathon Mann — February 29, 2016
  108. 242webJamaal Bowman Lands Endorsement From Elizabeth WarrenNicholas Fandos — June 6, 2024
  109. 244magazineThe Socialist Moment Hasn't Passed. It's Yet to Come.Scott W. Stern — February 5, 2024
  110. 247web'She persisted': Elizabeth Warren cements spot as Trump's oppositionSabrina Siddiqui et al. — February 8, 2017
  111. 249webElizabeth Warren grabs center stageAlex McCammond et al. — May 9, 2022
  112. 253webSteve Tompkins endorses Michelle Wu for Boston mayorSean Philip Cotter — Digital First — September 1, 2021
  113. 255webWho advanced through the Boston City Council preliminary elections?Sean Philip Cotter — September 15, 2021
  114. 257webInside the Secret List of Demands Warren Gave HillaryAlex Thompson — December 19, 2019
  115. 261bookAll Your Worth: The Ultimate Lifetime Money PlanElizabeth Warren — Free Press — 2005
  116. 263journalIllness and Injury as Contributors to BankruptcyDavid U. Himmelstein et al. — February 8, 2005
  117. 264newsSick and BrokeElizabeth Warren — February 9, 2005
  118. 265newsMedical Bankruptcies: A Data-CheckGary Langer — March 5, 2009
  119. 267newsBook review: 'A Fighting Chance' by Elizabeth WarrenMichael Jonas — April 21, 2014
  120. 268newsUS Sen. Elizabeth Warren launches book tourHillel Italie — April 18, 2017