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Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk

On the 22nd of August 1545, the death of Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk, marked the end of a forty-year friendship that had defined the early reign of Henry VIII. The King, who had already lost his two sisters, found himself stripped of the only living link to his childhood. At a Privy Council meeting, Henry VIII wept openly, declaring that throughout their long association, Brandon had never attempted to hurt an adversary nor spoken a word to injure anyone. This rare moment of vulnerability from a monarch known for his ruthlessness underscored the unique bond between the two men. Brandon was not merely a courtier; he was the shadow that allowed Henry to step into the light, a man who had been Henry's standard-bearer's son and grew to become his closest confidant. Born in 1484, Brandon was the second but only surviving son of Sir William Brandon, who died at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. Raised at the court of Henry VII, Brandon became a role model for the young prince, especially after the death of Prince Arthur. He was described by the antiquarian Dugdale as a person comely of stature, high of courage, and with a disposition perfectly conforming to King Henry VIII. This early connection set the stage for a career that would see him rise from a jouster to the highest ranks of the English nobility, all while navigating the treacherous waters of Tudor politics.

A Secret Union

The marriage of Charles Brandon to Mary Tudor, the sister of King Henry VIII, was an act of treason that nearly cost him his life. In 1515, after the death of Mary's first husband, King Louis XII of France, Brandon was sent to France to negotiate with the new king, Francis I. Love had existed between Mary and Brandon before her marriage to Louis, and upon her return to England, they defied the King's explicit command not to propose to her. They wed in secret at the Hotel de Clugny on the 3rd of March 1515, in the presence of just ten people, including Francis I. The truth was that Henry VIII was anxious to obtain from Francis the gold plate and jewels that had been given or promised to Mary by Louis XII, as well as reimbursement of the expenses of her marriage. Henry practically made his acceptance of Brandon's suit dependent on Brandon obtaining these assets. When the marriage was discovered, the King was outraged, and the privy council urged that Brandon should be imprisoned or executed. He was only saved from the King's anger by the intervention of Thomas Wolsey, who smoothed things over, and from the affection that the King had for both his sister and for him. The couple got off relatively lightly, charged only with a heavy fine of £24,000 to be paid to the King in yearly instalments of £1000, as well as the whole of Mary's dowry from Louis XII of £200,000, together with her plate and jewels. Nonetheless, Henry later reduced the fine, and the couple were then openly married at Greenwich Hall on the 13th of May 1515 in the presence of the King and his courtiers.

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1480s births1545 deaths16th-century English diplomats16th-century English nobilityAmbassadors of England to FranceBurials at St George's Chapel, Windsor CastleDukes of SuffolkKnights of the GarterLord-lieutenants of BuckinghamshireLord-lieutenants of OxfordshireLords president of the CouncilMilitary leaders of the Italian WarsPeers of England created by Henry VIIIViscounts LisleBrandon family

The Sword and The Shield

Charles Brandon's military career was as distinguished as his political maneuvering, earning him the title of a second king in the eyes of some contemporaries. He distinguished himself at the sieges of Thérouanne and Tournai in the French campaign of 1513, where an agent of Margaret of Savoy, governor of the Netherlands, reminded her that Brandon was a second king and advised her to write him a pleasant letter. In 1523, he was sent to Calais to command the English troops there, invading France in company with Floris d'Egmont, Count of Buren, who was at the head of the Flemish troops. They laid waste the north of France, but disbanded his troops at the approach of winter. Brandon was appointed Earl Marshal of England in 1524, a position previously held by Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk, though he relinquished the office in 1533 to Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, whose ancestors had held the same office for a long time. In 1544, he was for the second time in command of an English army for the invasion of France, and later he was sent to France and was involved with the Siege of Boulogne. His military prowess was matched by his diplomatic skills, as he was sent to Calais to command the English troops there and invaded France in company with Floris d'Egmont, Count of Buren, who was at the head of the Flemish troops. He was also involved with skirmishes and negotiations with the Scots, including the Battle of Solway Moss and the Rough Wooing. Despite his military successes, Brandon's influence increased after Wolsey's disgrace, and he was sent with Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, to demand the Great Seal from Wolsey. He acted as High Steward at the new Queen's coronation and was one of the commissioners appointed by Henry to dismiss Catherine's household, a task he found distasteful.

A Life Of Loss

The personal life of Charles Brandon was marked by a series of marriages and profound losses that tested his resilience. Before the 7th of February 1507, Charles Brandon first married Margaret Neville, widow of Sir John Mortimer, but the marriage was declared void about 1507 by the Archdeaconry Court of London, and later by papal bull dated the 12th of May 1528. In early 1508, he secondly married Anne Browne, who died in 1511, leaving him with two daughters, Lady Anne Brandon and Lady Mary Brandon. In May 1515, he thirdly married Mary Tudor, Queen Dowager of France, and they resided at Westhorpe Hall where they raised their four children. Mary died on the 25th of June 1533, and in September of the same year, Brandon married his ward, the 14-year-old Katherine Willoughby, suo jure Baroness Willoughby de Eresby. Katherine had been betrothed to his eldest surviving son, Henry, Earl of Lincoln, but the boy was too young to marry. Brandon secured in 1528 a bull from Pope Clement VII that assured the legitimacy of his marriage with Mary Tudor. With Willoughby, Brandon had his two youngest sons, who showed great promise: another Henry and Charles, who later became Dukes of Suffolk. However, they eventually died of the sweating sickness within an hour of each other. The Earl of Lincoln died in 1534, and in 1553, two years after suffering the death of both her sons on the same day, Brandon's widow, Katherine, married Richard Bertie. They would have two children, a son and daughter, together. Brandon also had a number of illegitimate children, including Sir Charles Brandon, Frances Brandon, and Mary Brandon, who married Robert Ball of Scottow, Norfolk, the uncle of Temperance Flowerdew and John Pory.
On the 22nd of August 1545, the death of Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk, marked the end of a forty-year friendship that had defined the early reign of Henry VIII. The King, who had already lost his two sisters, found himself stripped of the only living link to his childhood. At a Privy Council meeting, Henry VIII wept openly, declaring that throughout their long association, Brandon had never attempted to hurt an adversary nor spoken a word to injure anyone. This rare moment of vulnerability from a monarch known for his ruthlessness underscored the unique bond between the two men. Brandon was not merely a courtier; he was the shadow that allowed Henry to step into the light, a man who had been Henry's standard-bearer's son and grew to become his closest confidant. Born in 1484, Brandon was the second but only surviving son of Sir William Brandon, who died at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. Raised at the court of Henry VII, Brandon became a role model for the young prince, especially after the death of Prince Arthur. He was described by the antiquarian Dugdale as a person comely of stature, high of courage, and with a disposition perfectly conforming to King Henry VIII. This early connection set the stage for a career that would see him rise from a jouster to the highest ranks of the English nobility, all while navigating the treacherous waters of Tudor politics.

A Secret Union

The marriage of Charles Brandon to Mary Tudor, the sister of King Henry VIII, was an act of treason that nearly cost him his life. In 1515, after the death of Mary's first husband, King Louis XII of France, Brandon was sent to France to negotiate with the new king, Francis I. Love had existed between Mary and Brandon before her marriage to Louis, and upon her return to England, they defied the King's explicit command not to propose to her. They wed in secret at the Hotel de Clugny on the 3rd of March 1515, in the presence of just ten people, including Francis I. The truth was that Henry VIII was anxious to obtain from Francis the gold plate and jewels that had been given or promised to Mary by Louis XII, as well as reimbursement of the expenses of her marriage. Henry practically made his acceptance of Brandon's suit dependent on Brandon obtaining these assets. When the marriage was discovered, the King was outraged, and the privy council urged that Brandon should be imprisoned or executed. He was only saved from the King's anger by the intervention of Thomas Wolsey, who smoothed things over, and from the affection that the King had for both his sister and for him. The couple got off relatively lightly, charged only with a heavy fine of £24,000 to be paid to the King in yearly instalments of £1000, as well as the whole of Mary's dowry from Louis XII of £200,000, together with her plate and jewels. Nonetheless, Henry later reduced the fine, and the couple were then openly married at Greenwich Hall on the 13th of May 1515 in the presence of the King and his courtiers.

The Sword and The Shield

Charles Brandon's military career was as distinguished as his political maneuvering, earning him the title of a second king in the eyes of some contemporaries. He distinguished himself at the sieges of Thérouanne and Tournai in the French campaign of 1513, where an agent of Margaret of Savoy, governor of the Netherlands, reminded her that Brandon was a second king and advised her to write him a pleasant letter. In 1523, he was sent to Calais to command the English troops there, invading France in company with Floris d'Egmont, Count of Buren, who was at the head of the Flemish troops. They laid waste the north of France, but disbanded his troops at the approach of winter. Brandon was appointed Earl Marshal of England in 1524, a position previously held by Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk, though he relinquished the office in 1533 to Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, whose ancestors had held the same office for a long time. In 1544, he was for the second time in command of an English army for the invasion of France, and later he was sent to France and was involved with the Siege of Boulogne. His military prowess was matched by his diplomatic skills, as he was sent to Calais to command the English troops there and invaded France in company with Floris d'Egmont, Count of Buren, who was at the head of the Flemish troops. He was also involved with skirmishes and negotiations with the Scots, including the Battle of Solway Moss and the Rough Wooing. Despite his military successes, Brandon's influence increased after Wolsey's disgrace, and he was sent with Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, to demand the Great Seal from Wolsey. He acted as High Steward at the new Queen's coronation and was one of the commissioners appointed by Henry to dismiss Catherine's household, a task he found distasteful.

A Life Of Loss

The personal life of Charles Brandon was marked by a series of marriages and profound losses that tested his resilience. Before the 7th of February 1507, Charles Brandon first married Margaret Neville, widow of Sir John Mortimer, but the marriage was declared void about 1507 by the Archdeaconry Court of London, and later by papal bull dated the 12th of May 1528. In early 1508, he secondly married Anne Browne, who died in 1511, leaving him with two daughters, Lady Anne Brandon and Lady Mary Brandon. In May 1515, he thirdly married Mary Tudor, Queen Dowager of France, and they resided at Westhorpe Hall where they raised their four children. Mary died on the 25th of June 1533, and in September of the same year, Brandon married his ward, the 14-year-old Katherine Willoughby, suo jure Baroness Willoughby de Eresby. Katherine had been betrothed to his eldest surviving son, Henry, Earl of Lincoln, but the boy was too young to marry. Brandon secured in 1528 a bull from Pope Clement VII that assured the legitimacy of his marriage with Mary Tudor. With Willoughby, Brandon had his two youngest sons, who showed great promise: another Henry and Charles, who later became Dukes of Suffolk. However, they eventually died of the sweating sickness within an hour of each other. The Earl of Lincoln died in 1534, and in 1553, two years after suffering the death of both her sons on the same day, Brandon's widow, Katherine, married Richard Bertie. They would have two children, a son and daughter, together. Brandon also had a number of illegitimate children, including Sir Charles Brandon, Frances Brandon, and Mary Brandon, who married Robert Ball of Scottow, Norfolk, the uncle of Temperance Flowerdew and John Pory.