— Ch. 1 · Origins And Early Structure —
Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
~4 min read · Ch. 1 of 5
In 1898, the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party convened its founding congress and established a Central Committee with three initial members. Gleb Krzhizhanovsky, Friedrich Lengnik, and Vladimir Noskov took their seats to supervise the party newspaper Iskra. This small group held the right to decide all party issues except local ones. The Bolshevik faction supported this central organ while Julius Martov led the minority that became known as Mensheviks. Lenin persuaded the committee to initiate the October Revolution of 1917 despite skepticism from most members. A vote passed with ten in favour and two against the motion to carry out a revolution. During these early years, Karl Radek criticized Lenin's position on peace with Germany by stating if there were five hundred courageous men in Petrograd they would put him in prison. The system allowed criticism during meetings but opposition to Lenin's centralization policies grew louder at the 9th Party Congress in March 1920.
Stalinist Consolidation And Purges
The Great Purge between 1936 and 1940 eliminated nearly eighty percent of the Central Committee members elected at the 17th Party Congress in 1934. Of the 139 people elected to the committee, ninety-eight were killed or imprisoned during this period. Grigory Kaminsky spoke against the purge at a meeting before being arrested and executed himself. Stalin used his control over personnel appointments to ensure ideological conformity throughout the organization. By the 18th Congress in 1939 only thirty-one members remained and just two had been reelected from the previous body. Molotov later described how seventy expelled fifteen persons then sixty expelled another fifteen until a minority of the majority remained within the committee. The Politburo did not convene once between 1950 when Nikolai Voznesensky was killed and 1953. Under Khrushchev an investigation concluded that all decisions taken unanimously from 1929 onwards showed the committee lost its ruling function under Stalin.