Andrew Jackson
Andrew Jackson refused to polish a British officer's boots, and the officer slashed him with a sword. The blade left scars on his left hand and head. Jackson was a boy then, captured with his brother Robert in April 1781 during the American Revolutionary War. Both brothers were taken to a prisoner-of-war camp in Camden, South Carolina, where they grew malnourished and caught smallpox. Robert died two days after their release. Their mother nursed Andrew back to health, then died of cholera while tending American prisoners in Charleston harbor. By age 14, the future seventh president of the United States was an orphan. How did this hot-tempered frontier orphan become a national hero, then president from 1829 to 1837, and finally one of the most polarizing figures in American memory? How did the same man pay off the national debt, survive a duelist's bullet lodged near his heart, and sign a law that forced tens of thousands of Native Americans from their homelands? The answers run through plantations and battlefields, through a contested election and a war against a bank, and through a marriage that his enemies turned into a weapon.
In 1784, Jackson left the Waxhaws region for Salisbury, North Carolina, to study law under attorney Spruce Macay. He was admitted to the North Carolina bar in September 1787, then took a post as prosecuting attorney in the Western District that would become Tennessee. On the way to that job he stopped in Jonesborough, where he bought his first slave, Nancy, who was around his age. He also fought his first duel there, firing into the air after accusing the lawyer Waightstill Avery of impugning his character.
Nashville in 1788 gave Jackson a stage for rapid ascent. He became a protege of William Blount, one of the most powerful men in the territory, and was appointed attorney general of the Mero District in 1791. With fellow lawyer John Overton he speculated in land opened to white settlers under a 1783 act that carved into Cherokee and Chickasaw territory. He also worked as a slave trader, moving enslaved people between Nashville and the Natchez District along the Mississippi River and the Natchez Trace.
Jackson's land speculations on promissory notes nearly bankrupted him after the Panic of 1796-1797. He sold Hunter's Hill and a 25,000-acre holding, then bought a smaller plantation near Nashville that he named the Hermitage. The Hermitage grew to 1000 acres and became one of the largest cotton-growing plantations in the state. In 1804 Jackson owned nine enslaved African Americans. By 1820 he had over 100, by his death over 150, and across his lifetime he owned a total of 300.
Jackson claimed the paternalistic view that slavery was acceptable if the enslaved were treated humanely and their needs met. His practice told another story. In an 1804 advertisement to recover a runaway, he offered ten dollars extra for every hundred lashes any person would give the man, up to three hundred lashes, a number likely to be fatal.
Charles Dickinson fired first in their duel of May 1806. The bullet hit Jackson in the chest and shattered against his breastbone. Jackson returned fire and killed him. Their quarrel had begun over payments for a forfeited horse race and escalated over six months before they met. The killing tarnished his reputation.
Jackson's temper drew him into other men's schemes and feuds. The former vice president Aaron Burr, fresh from mortally wounding Alexander Hamilton, stayed at the Hermitage in 1805 and drew Jackson into a plan to seize Spanish Florida and Texas. Jackson wrote in October 1806 that the United States could conquer not only Florida but all Spanish North America. He readied the Tennessee militia, yet warned officials that some conspirators might intend to break away from the United States. When Jefferson ordered Burr's arrest, Jackson's extensive paper trail kept him safe and he testified before a grand jury in 1807.
Violence followed Jackson back to Nashville. After the War of 1812 began, he led volunteers on a hard march home from Natchez, earning the nickname Hickory, and later Old Hickory, for his toughness. Soon after, a tavern brawl with the brothers Jesse and Thomas Hart Benton left Jackson with a gunshot in the shoulder that nearly killed him. He carried that wound into the campaigns that would make his name.
The Fort Mims Massacre of August 1813 set Jackson marching. The Red Sticks, a Creek Confederacy faction allied with the Shawnee chief Tecumseh, had killed about 250 militia and civilians. Jackson headed south from Fayetteville, Tennessee, in October with 2,500 militia and built Fort Strother as his base. His cavalry under General Coffee won at Tallushatchee on November 3, and Jackson won at Talladega later that month.
The Tallapoosa River saw the decisive blow. In 1814 Jackson's combined force of 3,000 men, including Cherokee, Choctaw, and Creek allies, attacked a Red Stick fort at Horseshoe Bend held by about 1,000. The Red Sticks were overwhelmed. Nearly all their warriors were killed and almost 300 women and children were taken prisoner. The Treaty of Fort Jackson then required all Creek, even those who had stayed allies, to surrender 23,000,000 acres.
New Orleans tested Jackson against a far larger enemy. He arrived on the 1st of December 1814, declared martial law, and built his force to about 5,000 by allying with Jean Lafitte's smugglers and raising units of free and enslaved African Americans and Creeks, paying non-white volunteers the same as whites. General Edward Pakenham led some 10,000 British soldiers, many veterans of the Napoleonic Wars.
The climactic assault came on January 8. The British charged Jackson's parapets and were cut down, suffering over 2,000 casualties, including Pakenham, against 71 Americans. The Treaty of Ghent had already been signed in December 1814, but the victory made Jackson a national hero. On the 27th of February 1815, he received the Thanks of Congress and a Congressional Gold Medal.
Prospect Bluff, a former British post Americans called the Negro fort, held more than a thousand former Royal and Colonial Marines, escaped slaves, and indigenous peoples. American enslavers saw it as a threat to their property and a possible source of insurrection. Jackson ordered Colonel Duncan Clinch to take it in July 1816. Clinch destroyed the fort and killed many of its garrison.
In December 1817, Secretary of War John C. Calhoun ordered Jackson to lead a campaign with full power to conduct the war as he thought best, beginning the First Seminole War. Jackson wrote to President James Monroe that if it were signified to him through any channel that possession of the Floridas was desirable, in sixty days it would be accomplished. He invaded, captured the Spanish fort of St. Marks, and occupied Pensacola.
Two British subjects, Robert Ambrister and Alexander Arbuthnot, were captured working with the Seminoles. After a brief trial, Jackson executed both, causing an international incident with Britain. Calhoun wanted him censured for acting without a declaration of war, but Secretary of State John Quincy Adams defended him, believing the occupation would push Spain to sell Florida.
Spain did cede Florida in the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819, in exchange for the United States assuming American citizens' claims and renouncing claims to Texas west of the Sabine River. In February 1819, a congressional investigation exonerated Jackson. His campaign helped convince the Seminoles to sign the Treaty of Moultrie Creek in 1823, surrendering much of their Florida land.
In the presidential election of 1824, Jackson won a 42-percent plurality of the popular vote and a plurality of electoral votes, taking 99 from the South, West, and Mid-Atlantic. He was the only candidate to win states outside his regional base. Because no candidate reached the majority of 131 electoral votes, the House of Representatives held a contingent election under the Twelfth Amendment.
Henry Clay, Speaker of the House, was eliminated as only the top three electoral winners qualified. Clay saw a Jackson presidency as a disaster and threw his support behind John Quincy Adams, who won on the first ballot. Adams then appointed Clay as Secretary of State. Jackson's supporters cried that the two had struck a corrupt bargain, and from that grievance they began building the coalition that became the Democratic Party.
The 1828 rematch turned brutal and personal. Jackson was accused of being the son of an English prostitute and a mulatto, and was accurately labeled a slave trader. Pamphlets called the Coffin Handbills accused him of having murdered 18 white men, including the militiamen he had executed for desertion. Jackson and Rachel were attacked for living together as husband and wife before her divorce from Captain Lewis Robards was finalized in 1793; they had married in January 1794.
Rachel did not live to enter the White House. She had been under stress throughout the election and fell ill just as Jackson prepared to leave for Washington. She died of a stroke or heart attack a few days later. Jackson blamed his enemies, saying at her funeral, May God Almighty forgive her murderers, as I know she forgave them. I never can.
Worcester v. Georgia tested the limits of Jackson's removal policy in 1832. Georgia had arrested missionaries for entering Cherokee territory without a permit, and the Cherokee called the arrests illegal. The Court under Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that Georgia's law over the Cherokee was unconstitutional. Horace Greeley alleges Jackson responded that John Marshall had made his decision, but now let him enforce it. The quote may be apocryphal, but Jackson refused to use the federal government to enforce the ruling.
In May 1830 Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act, which Congress had narrowly passed. It let the president negotiate treaties to buy eastern tribal lands in exchange for lands west of the Mississippi. Though framed as voluntary, it was carried out through bribes, fraud, and intimidation, and the leaders who signed often did not represent their whole tribe. The Choctaw relocation was rife with corruption, theft, and mismanagement.
Treaty after treaty followed. In 1830 the Chickasaw agreed to move and Choctaw leaders signed the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek. In 1832 Seminole leaders signed the Treaty of Payne's Landing, and most Seminoles refused to go, leading to a Second Seminole War in 1835 that lasted six years. Cherokee leaders ceded their land in the 1836 Treaty of New Echota, and their removal, the Trail of Tears, was enforced by Jackson's successor, Van Buren.
The scale of removal was enormous. Across his administration Jackson made about 70 treaties with American Indian tribes and removed almost all Native Americans east of the Mississippi and south of Lake Michigan, about 70,000 people, at the cost of thousands of lives lost to epidemics and dislocation. The policy added over 170,000 square miles to the public domain and proved popular with his constituency, who could buy the opened land cheaply.
South Carolina put Jackson's devotion to the union to the test. The Tariff of 1828 had cut into southern cotton planters' income, and Calhoun anonymously wrote the South Carolina Exposition and Protest arguing a state could nullify a federal act. At a Jefferson birthday dinner on the 13th of April 1830, Jackson toasted, Our federal Union: It must be preserved. Calhoun answered, The Union: Next to our Liberty, the most dear.
The crisis nearly turned to force. On the 24th of November 1832, South Carolina passed the Ordinance of Nullification and threatened to secede. Jackson sent warships to Charleston harbor and threatened to hang any man working for nullification or secession. The standoff eased when he signed the Force Bill and the compromise Tariff of 1833 on March 2. South Carolina rescinded its ordinance but defiantly nullified the Force Bill.
Jackson fought a parallel war against the Second Bank of the United States, run by Nicholas Biddle, which he saw as a fourth branch of government serving an elite money power. By the 1832 election Biddle had spent over $250,000 on pamphlets, lobbying, and loans to editors and congressmen. After a recharter bill passed, Jackson vetoed it on the 10th of July 1832, then won reelection by a landslide with 55 percent of the popular vote and 219 electoral votes. His opponents, calling him King Andrew the First, formed the Whig Party, and the Senate censured him in March 1834.
In January 1835, Jackson paid off the national debt, the only time in U.S. history it has been accomplished. It was retired through tariff revenue, careful funding of internal improvements, and the sale of public lands. Between 1834 and 1836 land sales spiked, peaking in 1836 at eight to twelve times a typical year. That same speculative boom helped bring on the Panic of 1837, which drove the economy into a depression lasting until 1841.
On the 30th of January 1835, Richard Lawrence, an unemployed house painter from England, aimed a pistol at Jackson as he left the United States Capitol. It misfired. Lawrence drew a second pistol, and it misfired too. Jackson beat at his attacker with his cane until others restrained Lawrence, who was found not guilty by reason of insanity. It was the first attempt to assassinate a sitting president in United States history.
Jackson's household at the Hermitage was crowded with family by adoption and guardianship. He and Rachel had no children together but adopted Andrew Jackson Jr., the son of Rachel's brother Severn Donelson. They raised nephews including Andrew Jackson Donelson, served as guardians for orphaned children, and counted three Indigenous members, Lyncoya, Theodore, and Charley. For the only time in U.S. history, two women, Emily Donelson and Sarah Yorke Jackson, served simultaneously as unofficial first lady for the widower president.
Texas remained Jackson's unfinished business. Wary that Texas had legalized slavery and might divide the Democrats, he waited until the last full day of his presidency, the 3rd of March 1837, to recognize the Republic of Texas. After leaving office he kept lobbying for annexation and steered the 1844 nomination to fellow Tennessean James K. Polk over Martin Van Buren. The Senate passed a bill to annex Texas, signed on the 1st of March 1845.
Jackson died at the Hermitage on the 8th of June 1845, at age 78, of dropsy, tuberculosis, and heart failure. His deathbed was surrounded by family, friends, and slaves, and he was recorded saying, Do not cry; I hope to meet you all in Heaven, yes, all in Heaven, white and black. He was buried in the same tomb as Rachel. Scholars once ranked him high among presidents, but his reputation declined in the late 20th century and his ranking has fallen in the 21st.
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Common questions
Who was Andrew Jackson and when was he president?
Andrew Jackson was the seventh president of the United States, serving from 1829 to 1837. He rose to fame as a U.S. Army general before entering politics and serving in both houses of Congress.
What did Andrew Jackson do at the Battle of New Orleans?
Andrew Jackson led American forces to victory at the Battle of New Orleans, where the climactic British assault on the 8th of January 1815, failed. The British suffered over 2,000 casualties, including General Edward Pakenham, against 71 American casualties, and the win made Jackson a national hero.
Why is Andrew Jackson connected to the Trail of Tears?
Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act in May 1830, which displaced tens of thousands of Native Americans from their homelands east of the Mississippi River. The Cherokee removal, known as the Trail of Tears, followed the 1836 Treaty of New Echota and was enforced by his successor, Martin Van Buren.
How did Andrew Jackson win the election of 1828 after losing in 1824?
Andrew Jackson lost the 1824 contingent election in the House of Representatives to John Quincy Adams, whose supporters his backers accused of a corrupt bargain with Henry Clay. Jackson then built the Democratic Party and defeated Adams in 1828 with 56 percent of the popular vote and 68 percent of the electoral vote.
What was Andrew Jackson's war against the Second Bank of the United States?
Andrew Jackson viewed the Second Bank of the United States, run by Nicholas Biddle, as a fourth branch of government serving an elite money power. He vetoed its recharter on the 10th of July 1832, removed federal deposits, and the Bank held no federal deposits by July 1836.
How did Andrew Jackson handle the nullification crisis with South Carolina?
When South Carolina passed the Ordinance of Nullification on the 24th of November 1832, and threatened to secede, Andrew Jackson sent warships to Charleston harbor and threatened to hang any man supporting nullification or secession. The crisis eased when he signed the Force Bill and the compromise Tariff of 1833 on March 2.
When and how did Andrew Jackson die?
Andrew Jackson died on the 8th of June 1845, at age 78 at the Hermitage, his plantation near Nashville, of dropsy, tuberculosis, and heart failure. He was buried in the same tomb as his wife Rachel.
All sources
176 references cited across the entry
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- 3Andrew Jackson's Enslaved LaborersThe Hermitage
- 5The Enslaved Household of President Andrew JacksonDaniel Feller et al. — August 1, 2019
- 6NewsHunting down runaway slaves: The cruel ads of Andrew Jackson and 'the master class'DeNeen L. Brown — May 1, 2017
- 8Journal of trip down the Mississippi River, January 1813 to March 1813Andrew Jackson — Jackson Papers, LOC — January 10, 1813
- 9Enslaved Soldiers and the Battle of New OrleansGordon Skyler — 2018
- 10Andrew JacksonBiographical Directory of the U.S. Congress
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- 13The Tsunami of Slime Circa 1828June 15, 2012
- 14Inaugurals of Presidents of the United States: Some Precedents and Notable EventsLibrary of Congress
- 15When the U.S. paid off the entire national debt (and why it didn't last)Robert Smith — NPR — April 15, 2011
- 16Our HistoryBureau of the Public Debt — November 18, 2013
- 17Trying to Assassinate Andrew JacksonJon Grinspan — American Heritage Project
- 19ThesisJackson's judges: Six appointments who shaped a nationJohn Gregory Jacobson — University of Nebraska–Lincoln — 2004
- 20NewsRemoving a slavery defender's statue: Roger B. Taney wrote one of Supreme Court's worst rulingsDeNeen L. Brown — August 18, 2017
- 21The Health Of The President: Andrew JacksonRudolph Marx
- 22Abraham Lincoln and Jacksonian DemocracySean Willentz — The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History — February 24, 2012
- 23Jackson Day Dinner Address, Washington D.C.Franklin Roosevelt — January 8, 1936
- 24Progressive Party Platform of 1948July 23, 1948
- 25Remarks by the President on the 250th anniversary of the Birth of Andrew JacksonDonald Trump — whitehouse.gov — March 15, 2017
- 26NewsEffort to put Tubman on $20 bill restarted under BidenMartin Crutsinger — January 25, 2021
- 29Protesters try to topple Andrew Jackson statue near White HouseMorgan Winsor — June 23, 2020
- 30MagazineTrail of Tears, Plural: What we don't know about Indian removalJeffrey Ostler — National Endowment for the Humanities — 2024
- 31Andrew Jackson at 250: President's Legacy isn't Pretty, but Neither is HistoryH. W. Brands — 2017
- 34BookAndrew Jackson: His Life and TimesH. W. Brands — Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group — 2005
- 35BookThe First Populist: The Defiant Life of Andrew JacksonDavid S. Brown — Simon & Schuster — 2022
- 36BookAndrew Jackson: SouthernerMark R. Cheathem — LSU Press — 2014a
- 37BookThe Presidents: A Reference HistoryRichard B. Latner — Charles Scribner's Sons — 2002
- 38BookAmerican Lion: Andrew Jackson in the White HouseJon Meacham — Random House Publishing Group — 2008
- 39BookAndrew Jackson and the Course of American Empire, 1767–1821Robert V. Remini — Harper & Row Publishers, Inc. — 1977
- 40BookAndrew Jackson and the Course of American Freedom, 1822–1832Robert V. Remini — Harper & Row Publishers, Inc. — 1981
- 41BookAndrew Jackson and the Course of American Democracy, 1833–1845Robert V. Remini — Harper & Row Publishers, Inc. — 1984
- 42BookAndrew JacksonSean Wilentz — Henry Holt and Company — 2005
- 43BookA Companion to the Era of Andrew JacksonSean P. Adams — Wiley — 2013
- 44BookAmerican Negro Slave RevoltsHerbert Aptheker — International Publishers — 1974
- 45BookThe Half has Never Been Told: Slavery and the Making of American CapitalismEdward E. Baptist — Basic Books — 2016
- 46BookYoung Hickory: The Making of Andrew JacksonHendrik Booraem — Taylor Trade Publishing — 2001
- 47BookPresidential Campaigns: From George Washington to George W. BushPaul F. Jr. Boller — Oxford University Press — 2004
- 48BookPolk: The Man Who Transformed the Presidency and AmericaWalter R. Borneman — Random House — 2008
- 49BookTraitor to his Class: The Privileged Life and radical Presidency of Franklin Delano RooseveltHenry W. Brands — Doubleday — 2008
- 50BookThe Land Shall be Deluged in Blood : A New History of the Nat Turner RevoltPatrick H. Breen — Oxford University Press — 2015
- 51BookThe Passions of Andrew JacksonAndrew Burstein — Knopf — 2003
- 52BookSharp Knife: Andrew Jackson and the American IndiansAlfred A. Cave — ABC-CLIO — 2017
- 53BookInterpreting American History: The Age of Andrew Jackson.Mark R. Cheathem — Kent State University Press — 2013
- 54BookThe Old Southwest, 1765–1830: Frontiers in conflictUniversity of Oklahoma Press — 1996
- 55BookThe Republic of Violence: The Tormented Rise of Abolition in Andrew Jackson's AmericaJ. D. Dickey — Pegasus Books — 2022
- 56BookBefore Tennessee: the Southwest Territory, 1790–1796: a narrative history of the Territory of the United States South of the River OhioWalter T. Durham — Rocky Mount Historical Association — 1990
- 57BookResponses of the Presidents to Charges of MisconductRichard E. Ellis — Dell — 1974
- 58BookThe Union at Risk: Jacksonian Democracy, States' Rights, and the Nullification CrisisRichard E. Ellis — Oxford University Press — 1989
- 59BookFrom Failing Hands: the Story of Presidential SuccessionJohn D. Feerick — Fordham University Press — 1965
- 60BookThe Rise of the Common Man 1830–1850.Carl R. Fish — MacMillian — 1927
- 61BookPrelude to Civil War: The Nullification Controversy in South Carolina, 1816–1836William Freehling — Oxford University Press — 1966
- 62BookCongress and the Emergence of Sectionalism: From the Missouri Compromise to the Age of JacksonWilliam W. Freehling — Ohio University Press — 2008
- 63BookThe Legal Ideology of Removal: The Southern Judiciary and the Sovereignty of Native American NationsTim Allen Garrison — University of Georgia Press — 2002
- 64BookThe Jacksonians and the Money PowerFrank Otto Gatell — Chicago, Rand McNally — 1967
- 65BookAs Long as Grass Grows: The Indigenous Fight for Environmental Justice, from Colonization to Standing RockDina Gilo-Whitaker — Beacon Press — 2019
- 66BookThe American Conflict: A History of the Great Rebellion in the United States of America, 1860-64. Its Causes, Incidents and ResultsHorace Greeley — O. D. Case and Company — 1864
- 67BookBanks and Politics in America from the Revolution to the Civil WarBray Hammond — Princeton University Press — 1957
- 68BookThe War of 1812: A Forgotten ConflictDonald R. Hickey — University of Illinois Press — 1989
- 69BookWhat Hath God Wrought: the Transformation of America, 1815–1848Daniel Walker Howe — Oxford University Press — 2007
- 70BookThe American West and the Nazi East: A Comparative and Interpretive PerspectiveCarroll Kakel — Palgrave Macmillan — 2011
- 71BookU.S. Foreign Policy: A Documentary and Reference GuideAkis Kalaitzidis et al. — ABC-CLIO — 2011
- 72BookA Nation Wholly Free: The Elimination of the National Debt in the Age of JacksonCarl Lane — Westholme — 2014
- 73BookExploring American History: From Colonial Times to 1877Marshall Cavendish — 2008
- 74BookAnother Kind of War: The Nature and History of TerrorismJohn A. Lynn — Yale University Press — 2019
- 75JournalThe Treaty of Moultrie Creek, 1823John K. Mahon — 1962
- 76BookThe Petticoat Affair: Manners, Mutiny, and Sex in Andrew Jackson's White HouseJohn F. Marszalek — Free Press — 1997
- 77BookThe Panic of 1837Reginald C. McGrane — University of Chicago Press — 1965
- 78BookThe Jacksonian Persuasion: Politics & BeliefMarvin Meyers — Vintage Books — 1960
- 79BookThe Seminole Wars: America's Longest Indian ConflictJohn Missall et al. — University Press of Florida — 2004
- 80BookThe Papers of Andrew Jackson, Volume II, 1804–1813University of Tennessee Press — 1984
- 81BookThe Papers of Andrew Jackson, Volume III, 1814–1815University of Tennessee Press — 1991
- 82BookA Companion to the Era of Andrew JacksonSharon A. Murphy — Wiley — 2013
- 83BookThe Age of Jackson and the Art of PowerWilliam R. Nester — Potomac Books — 2013
- 84BookJohn C. Calhoun and the Price of Union: A BiographyJohn Niven — LSU Press — 1988
- 85BookThe American Presidents, Washington to TylerRobert A. Nowlan — McFarland Publishing — 2012
- 86BookThe Reign of Andrew Jackson; Vol. 20, Chronicles of America SeriesFrederic Austin Ogg — Yale University Press — 1919
- 87BookEncyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in AmericaJames Stuart Olson — Greenwood Press — 2002
- 88BookSurviving Genocide: Native Nations and the United States from the American Revolution to Bleeding KansasJeffrey Ostler — Yale University Press — 2019
- 89BookStruggle for the Gulf Borderlands: The Creek War and the Battle of New Orleans, 1812-1815Frank Lawrence Jr. Owsley — University Presses of Florida — 1981
- 90BookEncyclopedia of American Indian Removal 2 VolumesJames W. Parins et al. — ABC-CLIO — 2011
- 91BookThe Legacy of Andrew Jackson: Essays on Democracy, Indian Removal, and SlaveryRobert V. Remini — Louisiana State University Press — 1990
- 92BookFathers and Children: Andrew Jackson and the Subjugation of the American IndianMichael P. Rogin — Knopf — 1975
- 93BookAmerican Government: Continuity and ChangeLarry Sabato et al. — Pearson Longman — 2002
- 94BookAmerican Indian Policy in the Jacksonian EraRonald N. Satz — University of Nebraska — 1974
- 95BookThe Age of JacksonArthur M. Jr. Schlesinger — Little, Brown and Company — 1988
- 96BookA History of the Supreme CourtBernard Schwartz — Oxford University Press — 1993
- 97BookThe Annexation of TexasJustin H. Smith — MacMillan Company — 1911
- 98BookJacksonian EconomyPeter Temin — Norton — 1969
- 99BookThe Frontier in American HistoryFrederick Jackson Turner — Henry Holt — 1920
- 100BookJohn Quincy AdamsHarlow G. Unger — De Capo — 2012
- 101BookThe Jacksonian Era, 1828-1848Glyndon G. Van Deusen — Harper & Row — 1963
- 102BookThe Long, Bitter Trail: Andrew Jackson and the IndiansAnthony F. C. Wallace — Hill and Wang — 1993
- 103BookThe Reconstruction of American HistoryJohn. W. Ward — Hutchison — 1962
- 104JournalThe Native Peoples of the American West: Genocide or Ethnic Cleansing?Gary Clayton Anderson — Oxford University Press — 2016
- 105JournalThe nullification controversy revisitedPaul H. Bergeron — 1976
- 106ThesisBetween Plantations, President, and Public: Institutional Polysemy and the Representation of Slavery, Genocide, and Democracy at Andrew Jackson's HermitageElizabeth K. Barna — Vanderbilt University — 2020
- 107JournalThe Cherokee Cases: The Fight to Save the Supreme Court and the Cherokee IndiansRonald A. Berutti — 1992
- 108JournalDefending the Union: Andrew Jackson's Nullifaction Proclamation and American federalismMatthew S. Brogdon — 2011
- 109JournalFunding the Bank War: Nicholas Biddle and the public relations campaign to recharter the second bank of the U.S., 1828–1832Stephen W. Campbell — 2016
- 110JournalAbuse of Power: Andrew Jackson and the Indian Removal Act of 1830Alfred A. Cave — 2003
- 111JournalAndrew Jackson, Slavery, and HistoriansMark R. Cheathem — 2011
- 112JournalFrontiersman or Southern Gentleman? Newspaper Coverage of Andrew Jackson during the 1828 Presidential CampaignMark Cheathem — 2014
- 113Journal"The obituary of nations": Ethnic cleansing, memory, and the origins of the Old SouthJames T. Carson — 2008
- 114JournalJohn Overton as Andrew Jackson's friendFrances Clifton — 1952
- 115JournalReview: The Age of Jackson: After Forty YearsDonald B. Cole — 1986
- 116JournalA yankee in Kentucky: The early years of Amos Kendall, 1789–1828Donald P. Cole — 1997
- 117JournalAn administrative Trail of Tears: Indian removalEthan Davis — 2010
- 118Journal"Remember Fort Mims": Reinterpreting the origins of the Creek WarKarl Davis — 2002
- 119JournalAndrew Jackson as Tennessee state court judge, 1798–1804James W. Jr. Ely — 1981
- 120JournalThe nullification crisis, American republicanism, and the Force Bill debateDavid F. Ericson — 1995
- 121JournalThe rise and decline of the spoils traditionCarl Joachim Friedrich — 1937
- 122ThesisThe Presidential Campaign of 1832Samuel G. Gammon — Johns Hopkins University — 1922
- 123JournalSpoils of the Bank War: Political Bias in the Selection of Pet BanksFrank O. Gatell — 1964
- 124JournalPresidential Ethics and the Ethics of the PresidencyStuart C. Gilman — 1995
- 125BookThe Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United StatesKermit Hall — Oxford University Press — 1992
- 126JournalThe Cession of Florida and John Quincy Adams, Secretary of State, U. S. A.Lester Harris — 1958
- 127ThesisThe Removal of the Creek Indians from the Southeast, 1825–1838Christopher D. Haveman — Auburn University — 2009
- 128JournalThe politics of national aggression: Congress and the First Seminole WarDavid S. Heidler — 1993
- 129JournalThe Jacksonian attitude toward AbolitionismGerald S. Henig — 1969
- 130Journal"Read, Pause, and Reflect!!"William Huntting Howell — 2010
- 131JournalThe internal improvement vetoes of Andrew JacksonCarlton Jackson — 1966
- 132Journal--Another Time, Another Place--: The attempted assassination of President Andrew JacksonCarlton Jackson — 1967
- 133Journal"A slow, laborious slaughter": The battle of Horseshoe BendThomas Kanon — 1999
- 134JournalAmerican Politics: The First Half-CenturyLouis W. Koenig — 1964
- 135JournalRethinking the Jacksonian economy: The impact of the 1832 bank veto on commercial bankingJane Knodell — 2006
- 136JournalThe First Seminole War: November 21, 1817-May24,1818John K. Mahon — 1998
- 137JournalThe Kitchen Cabinet and Andrew Jackson's advisory systemRichard B. Latner — 1978
- 138JournalGeorgia's role in instigating compulsory Indian removalWilliam G. McLoughlin — 1986
- 139JournalThe origin and development of the congressional nominating caucusWilliam G. Morgan — 1969
- 140JournalAfter John Marshall's Decision: Worcester v. Georgia and the Nullification CrisisEdwin A. Miles — 1992
- 141BookThe Papers of Andrew Jackson, Volume II, 1804–1813University of Tennessee Press — 1984
- 142JournalThe Mississippi Valley and the federal judiciary, 1807-1837Curtis Nettels — 1925
- 143JournalThe marriages of Rachel DonelsonHarriet Chappel Owsley — 1977
- 144Journal"A perpetual harrow upon my feelings": John Quincy Adams and the American IndianLynn Hudson Parsons — 1973
- 145JournalThe Legacy of Indian RemovalTheda Perdue — 2012
- 146JournalLost opportunities for compromise in the Bank War: A reassessment of jackson's veto messageEdwin J. Perkins — 1987
- 147JournalThe Pennsylvania origins of the Jackson movementKim T. Phillips — 1976
- 148JournalNegroes and the Seminole War, 1817-1818Kenneth Wiggins Porter — 1951
- 149JournalThe Nullification Crisis, Southern discontents, and the American political processDonald J. Ratcliffe — 2000
- 150JournalAndrew Jackson's Adventures on the Natchez TraceRobert V. Remini — University of Southern Mississippi — 1991
- 151JournalJacksonian money policy, specie flows, and the panic of 1837Peter L. Rousseau — 2002
- 152JournalPresidential greatness in a polarized era: Results from the latest presidential greatness surveyBrandon Rottinghaus et al. — 2020
- 153JournalPresidential Greatness and Political Science: Assessing the 2014 APSA Presidents and Executive Politics Section Presidential Greatness SurveyBrandon Rottinghaus et al. — 2017
- 154Official Results of the 2024 Presidential Greatness Project Expert SurveyBrandon Rottinghaus et al. — 2024
- 155JournalAndrew Jackson and the Agrarian WestLouis Bernard Schmidt — 1955
- 156JournalAndrew Jackson versus the HistoriansCharles G. Jr. Sellers — 1958
- 157JournalBanking and politics in Jackson's Tennessee, 1817–1827Charles G. Jr. Sellers — 1954
- 158JournalLords (and ladies) of misrule: Carnival, scandal, and satire in the age of Andrew JacksonJeff Smith — 2005
- 159JournalAndrew Jackson: Legend and RealityAlbert Somit — 1948
- 160JournalThe Texas schemes of Jackson and Houston, 1829–1836Richard R. Stenberg — 1934
- 161JournalAndrew Jackson versus France: American policy towards France, 1834–1836Robert C. Thomas — 1976
- 162JournalHarriet Tubman and Andrew Jackson on the Twenty-Dollar Bill: A Monstrous IntimacySheneese Thompson et al. — 2018
- 163JournalThe Specie Circular and Sales of public landRichard H. Timberlake — 1965
- 164JournalAndrew Jackson and the continuing Battle of New OrleansJoseph G. Jr. Tregle — 1981
- 165JournalAndrew Jackson's PopulismHarry L. Watson — 2017
- 166JournalAndrew Jackson: Chivalric slave masterMatthew Warshauer — 2006
- 167JournalWere Andrew Jackson's policies "Good for the Economy"?Robert Whapples — 2014
- 168Journal"One woman so dangerous to public morals": Gender and power in the Eaton AffairKirsten E. Wood — 1997
- 169JournalA note on the First Seminole War as seen by the Indians, negroes, and their British advisorsJ. Leitch Jr. Wright — 1968
- 170Some account of some of the bloody deeds of General JacksonJohn Binns — Library of Congress — 1828
- 171Expunged Senate censure motion against President Andrew Jackson, January 16, 1837The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration
- 172Andrew Jackson's First Annual Message to CongressAndrew Jackson — The American Presidency Project — 1829
- 173President Jackson's Proclamation Regarding Nullification, December 10, 1832Andrew Jackson — The Avalon Project — 1832
- 174BookThe Life of Andrew Jackson, President of the United States. Illustrated with Numerous Cuts by Major Jack Downing of the Downington MilitiaSeba Smith — T. K. Greenbank — 1834
- 175South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification, November 24, 1832The Avalon Project
- 176Supplemental account of some of the bloody deeds of General Jackson, being a supplement to the "Coffin handbill"John Taliaferro — Library of Congress — 1828
- 177BookDemocracy in AmericaAlexis de Tocqueville — Harper & Row — 1969