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Adolf Hitler

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  • Adolf Hitler was born on the 20th of April 1889 in Braunau am Inn, a town in Austria-Hungary near the German border. He died by suicide on the 30th of April 1945, in a bunker beneath a city in ruins. Between those two dates lies the deadliest conflict in human history. The historian Ian Kershaw described him as "the embodiment of modern political evil". That phrase is easy to repeat and hard to explain. How does a rejected art student, who twice failed to enter the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna, end up as dictator of Germany? How does a man who served as a dispatch runner in the First World War, decorated with the Iron Cross, become central to the murder of about six million Jews? This documentary follows the answers. It traces the household he grew up in, the city that first taught him hatred, the failed coup that made him famous, the legal machinery he used to seize total power, and the war that he started and lost. None of it was inevitable. All of it was chosen.

  • Alois Hitler, Adolf's father, was the illegitimate child of Maria Schicklgruber, and his baptismal register showed no father's name. For decades he carried his mother's surname, Schicklgruber. In 1842 Johann Georg Hiedler married Alois's mother, and in 1876 a priest annotated the baptismal record to register Hiedler as the father, recorded as "Georg Hitler". Alois then took the surname Hitler, a name probably rooted in the German word Hütte and meaning "one who lives in a hut". The Nazi official Hans Frank later floated a different story. He suggested that Alois's mother had worked as a housekeeper for a Jewish family in Graz, and that the family's 19-year-old son Leopold Frankenberger had fathered Alois. This claim became known as the Frankenberger thesis. No Frankenberger was ever registered in Graz during that period, and no record of Leopold Frankenberger has ever surfaced, so historians dismiss it. The matter was settled in 2025. Turi King of the University of Bath analysed blood taken from the sofa in Hitler's study, confirming it as his by matching a male-line relative. "That DNA match," King said, "not only confirmed that this is Hitler's DNA but also confirms that the story of human Jewish ancestry through his father is just simply not true."

  • Adolf was the fourth of six children born to Alois Hitler and his third wife, Klara Pölzl, and three of his siblings died in infancy. When the family moved to Passau, Germany, in 1892, the three-year-old absorbed the lower Bavarian dialect that marked his speech for life, rather than Austrian German. The household ran on conflict. After the family settled near Lambach, intense father-son clashes broke out over the boy's refusal to accept his school's strict discipline. Alois tried to browbeat his son into obedience and would beat him, while his mother tried to shield him from the regular beatings. The death of his younger brother Edmund from measles in 1900 changed him. A confident, conscientious student turned into a morose and detached boy. His sister Paula Hitler later recalled that Adolf was a teenage bully who would often slap her. Alois wanted his son to follow him into the customs bureau and sent him to the Realschule in Linz in September 1900. In Mein Kampf, Hitler wrote that he performed poorly on purpose, hoping his father would see "what little progress I was making at the technical school" and let him pursue art. Alois died suddenly on the 3rd of January 1903, and the boy's mother soon allowed him to leave school.

  • In 1907 Hitler left Linz to study fine art in Vienna, financed by an orphan's benefits and his mother's support. The Academy of Fine Arts Vienna rejected him twice, and he lacked the credentials for the School of Architecture because he had not finished secondary school. On the 21st of December 1907, his mother died of breast cancer at the age of 47; he was 18. By 1909 he had run out of money and was living in homeless shelters and the Meldemannstraße dormitory. He earned a living as a casual labourer and by painting and selling watercolours of Vienna's sights. He attended ten performances of Lohengrin, his favourite of Richard Wagner's operas. Vienna also gave Hitler his first sustained exposure to racist rhetoric. Mayor Karl Lueger exploited the city's antisemitic sentiment, and Georg Ritter von Schönerer became a major influence. The origins of Hitler's antisemitism remain debated. His friend August Kubizek claimed he was a confirmed antisemite before leaving Linz, but the historian Brigitte Hamann calls that claim "problematical". Notably, Hitler sold some of his art through a Jewish businessman named Samuel Morgenstern, and a Jewish lawyer named Josef Feingold bought several of his paintings. The historian Richard J. Evans argues that Hitler's murderous antisemitism emerged well after Germany's defeat, as a product of the paranoid "stab-in-the-back" explanation for the catastrophe.

  • In August 1914, at the outbreak of the First World War, Hitler was living in Munich and voluntarily enlisted in the Bavarian Army. A 1924 report by Bavarian authorities concluded that letting him serve was probably an administrative error, since as an Austrian citizen he should have been returned to Austria. He served as a dispatch runner on the Western Front and was decorated with the Iron Cross, Second Class, in 1914. In August 1918, on the recommendation of his Jewish superior Lieutenant Hugo Gutmann, he received the Iron Cross, First Class, a decoration rarely awarded at his rank of Gefreiter. The war's end found him temporarily blinded by a mustard gas attack, hospitalised at Pasewalk, where he learned of Germany's defeat. He called the war "the greatest of all experiences" and was shocked by the capitulation in November 1918. Politics came next. In July 1919 the Reichswehr appointed him an intelligence agent and sent him to infiltrate the German Workers' Party, the DAP. At a meeting on the 12th of September 1919, chairman Anton Drexler was impressed by his oratory, and within a week he joined as member 555. The party started counting at 500 to look larger than it was. The writer Friedrich Reck-Malleczewen recorded his first impression of Hitler speaking: he "talked on and on, endlessly" and "began to bellow at us", leaving the room with "a feeling of dismay, as when on a train you suddenly find you are sharing a compartment with a psychotic". By February 1921 Hitler was addressing crowds of over 6,000, and at a special party congress on the 29th of July 1921 he was granted absolute power as chairman by a vote of 533 to 1.

  • In 1923 Hitler enlisted the First World War general Erich Ludendorff for an attempted coup, hoping to emulate Benito Mussolini's March on Rome. On the 8th of November 1923, he and the SA stormed a meeting of 3,000 people in the Bürgerbräukeller, a Munich beer hall. With his pistol drawn in a back room, he forced the support of the Bavarian leaders Kahr, Seisser, and Lossow, then watched that support evaporate. The next day the marchers were dispersed by police, leaving 16 Nazi Party members and four police officers dead. Arrested on the 11th of November 1923 for high treason, Hitler was sentenced on the 1st of April 1924 to five years' fortress confinement at Landsberg Prison. There the guards treated him kindly, supporters wrote to him, and party comrades visited regularly. He was pardoned and released on the 20th of December 1924, having served just over a year. Prison gave him a book. At Landsberg he dictated most of the first volume of Mein Kampf, first to his chauffeur Emil Maurice, then to his deputy Rudolf Hess. The book equated Jews with "germs" and called them the "international poisoners" of society. Published in two volumes in 1925 and 1926, it sold 228,000 copies between 1925 and 1932, then one million copies in 1933, his first year in office.

  • The American stock market crash of the 24th of October 1929 handed Hitler his opening, as millions of Germans lost their jobs and major banks collapsed. The Nazi Party rose from obscurity to win 18.3 per cent of the vote and 107 seats in the 1930 election, becoming the second-largest party in parliament. Hitler had a legal problem to solve first. He had renounced his Austrian citizenship in 1925 and held no German citizenship, which left him stateless and barred from public office. On the 25th of February 1932, a Nazi interior minister in Brunswick, Dietrich Klagges, made him a state official and thus a German citizen. He ran against President Paul von Hindenburg in the 1932 election, campaigning by aircraft under the slogan "Hitler über Deutschland", and took more than 35 per cent of the vote in the final round. Power came not through victory but through a deal. After two inconclusive parliamentary elections, Franz von Papen, Alfred Hugenberg, and a group of industrialists urged Hindenburg to appoint Hitler. On the 30th of January 1933, Hitler was sworn in as chancellor. The machinery of dictatorship followed quickly. After the Reichstag fire of the 27th of February 1933, Hindenburg signed the Reichstag Fire Decree suspending basic rights, and on the 23rd of March the Reichstag passed the Enabling Act by a vote of 444 to 94, giving Hitler's cabinet the power to enact laws without parliament. When Hindenburg died on the 2nd of August 1934, Hitler merged the presidency with the chancellorship and became Führer und Reichskanzler.

  • On the 3rd of February 1933, just days into power, Hitler told German military leaders that his ultimate aim was "conquest for Lebensraum in the East and its ruthless Germanisation". Rearmament came first. The number of unemployed fell from six million in 1932 to fewer than one million in 1936, while Germany hosted the 1936 Olympic Games with Hitler officiating at the opening ceremonies. Step by step he tore up the Treaty of Versailles, reoccupying the Rhineland in March 1936, annexing Austria in the Anschluss on the 12th of March 1938, and taking the Sudetenland after the Munich Agreement of the 29th of September 1938. Neville Chamberlain called the result "peace for our time". Hitler was angry it had robbed him of a war. He got his war the following year. On the 1st of September 1939, Germany invaded Poland, and Britain and France declared war on the 3rd of September, prompting him to ask Joachim von Ribbentrop, "Now what?" After conquering much of Europe, he launched Operation Barbarossa against the Soviet Union on the 22nd of June 1941, and declared war on the United States that December. Defeat ground in slowly. At Stalingrad over 200,000 Axis soldiers were killed and 235,000 taken prisoner, and the Western Allies landed in northern France on the 6th of June 1944 in Operation Overlord. On the 20th of July 1944, Claus von Stauffenberg planted a bomb at the Wolf's Lair, but the staff officer Heinz Brandt moved the briefcase behind a table leg, deflecting the blast. Hitler survived and ordered the execution of more than 4,900 people in reprisal. On the 29th of April 1945, he married Eva Braun in the Führerbunker in Berlin. The next day they killed themselves to avoid capture by the Soviet Red Army. The Nazi regime he led murdered an estimated six million Jews and millions of other victims, and ordered, in his own words on the 19th of March 1945, the destruction of all German industry rather than let it fall to the Allies, a scorched-earth command his armaments minister Albert Speer secretly disobeyed.

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Common questions

Who was Adolf Hitler and what did he do?

Adolf Hitler was an Austrian-born German politician who served as dictator of Germany during the Nazi era from 1933 until his suicide in 1945. As leader of the Nazi Party, he started the Second World War in Europe and was central to the genocide of about six million Jews in the Holocaust, as well as the murders of millions of other victims.

When and where was Adolf Hitler born?

Adolf Hitler was born on the 20th of April 1889 in Braunau am Inn, a town in Austria-Hungary close to the German border. He was the fourth of six children born to Alois Hitler and his third wife, Klara Pölzl.

How did Adolf Hitler rise to power in Germany?

Hitler rose to power as leader of the Nazi Party, exploiting the economic collapse that followed the 1929 American stock market crash. After conservative politicians persuaded President Paul von Hindenburg to appoint him, Hitler was sworn in as chancellor on the 30th of January 1933, and the Enabling Act of the 23rd of March 1933 gave his cabinet the power to make laws without parliament.

What was the Beer Hall Putsch and what happened to Hitler afterward?

The Beer Hall Putsch was Hitler's failed attempt to seize power in Munich, beginning on the 8th of November 1923, when he and the SA stormed a meeting in the Bürgerbräukeller. The coup left 16 Nazi Party members and four police officers dead, and Hitler was sentenced to five years' fortress confinement at Landsberg Prison, where he dictated most of the first volume of Mein Kampf.

Did Adolf Hitler have Jewish ancestry?

No. In 2025, Turi King of the University of Bath analysed blood from the sofa in Hitler's study and confirmed through DNA that he did not have Jewish ancestry through his father. The DNA match disproved the so-called Frankenberger thesis, which historians had already dismissed for lack of any record of a Leopold Frankenberger in Graz.

How did Adolf Hitler die?

Adolf Hitler died by suicide on the 30th of April 1945 in the Führerbunker in Berlin, the day after he married his longtime partner Eva Braun. They killed themselves to avoid capture by the Soviet Red Army.

What role did Adolf Hitler play in the Second World War?

Hitler's aggressive, expansionist foreign policy is considered the primary cause of World War II in Europe. He oversaw the German invasion of Poland on the 1st of September 1939, ordered the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, and declared war on the United States in December 1941.

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  145. 146Eingabe der Industriellen an Hindenburg vom November 1932
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  155. 156NewsResearchers say they have verified and sequenced Hitler's DNA – and found a genetic disorderKatie Hunt — 14 November 2025
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  166. 167Setting the Record StraightDina Porat — 21 October 2015
  167. 168Poles: Victims of the Nazi Era: The Invasion and Occupation of PolandUnited States Holocaust Memorial Museum
  168. 169Adolf Hitler 'Took Cocktail of Drugs' Reveal New DocumentsTom Porter — 24 August 2013
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  171. 172NewsWord for Word/The Case Against the Nazis; How Hitler's Forces Planned To Destroy German ChristianityJoe Sharkey — 13 January 2002
  172. 173Hitler really did have only one testicle, German researcher claimsStaff — 19 December 2015
  173. 174New Evidence Uncovers Hitler's Real First World War StoryThomas Weber — Immediate Media Company — 2010a
  174. 175Mein Diat – Adolf Hitler's dietBee Wilson — 9 October 1998
  175. 176Hitler's Birth Home in Austria Will Become A Police StationPaolo Zialcita — NPR — 2019