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— CH. 1 · THE FIRST WRITTEN PROTEST —

Abolitionism in the United States

~6 min read · Ch. 1 of 7
7 sections

  • On the 18th of February 1688, four men gathered in a house on Germantown Avenue. Francis Daniel Pastorius and three brothers signed a two-page document condemning slavery. They called it the Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery. This paper marked the first written statement against slavery in Colonial America. The petitioners argued that holding people in bondage violated universal rights. Their names appeared at the top of the page as signatories to this early act of resistance. The Quaker community did not immediately act on their words. Seventy percent of Quakers owned slaves between 1681 and 1705. Yet the petition initiated a spirit that eventually led to the end of slavery within the Society of Friends by 1776. It also influenced Pennsylvania to pass its own abolition law in 1780.

  • In 1777, Vermont became the first polity in North America to prohibit slavery. Masters were required to remove enslaved people from the state rather than freeing them directly. By 1780, Massachusetts ratified a constitution declaring all men equal. This clause allowed freedom suits filed by enslaved African Americans living there. The Supreme Court case Commonwealth v. Nathaniel Jennison reaffirmed these rights in 1783. It effectively abolished slavery through individual actions by masters and slaves. New York passed an Act for the gradual abolition of slavery in 1799. Slavery did not officially end there until 1827. More than 70 enslaved people appeared on the 1830 census in that state. No slaves appeared in the 1840 census. South Carolina reversed its decision to abolish the slave trade in 1803. All other Northern states had passed laws to gradually or immediately abolish slavery between 1781 and 1804. Some slaves continued in involuntary unpaid indentured servitude for two more decades after their legal status changed.

  • On the 1st of January 1831, William Lloyd Garrison published the first issue of his weekly newspaper called The Liberator. He signed it as Wm. Lloyd Garrison. The paper appeared without interruption until slavery was abolished in 1865 when it closed. Mainstream opinion shifted from gradual emancipation to immediatism during the 1830s. This change happened suddenly for many individuals who came into direct contact with the horrors of American slavery. Amos Adams Lawrence wrote that they went to bed one night old-fashioned conservative Compromise Union Whigs and waked up stark mad Abolitionists. Nearly all Northern politicians rejected immediate emancipation calling it extreme. Abraham Lincoln Stephen Douglas John C. Frémont and Ulysses S. Grant married into slave-owning Southern families without moral qualms. After 1840 abolitionists rejected the idea of containing slavery because it let sin continue to exist. They demanded that slavery end everywhere immediately and completely. The movement fragmented into groups like the Liberty Party and the American Anti-Slavery Society.

  • Frederick Douglass completed 280 lectures across the United Kingdom and Ireland over a period of 19 months starting in October 1845. On the 4th of October 1845 the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society gave him a Bible bound in gold. He had a connection with Daniel O'Connell both men strongly opposed slavery. Black women also played their role in the abolitionist movement domestically and internationally. Harriet Jacobs produced letters in England reflecting on her experiences as a slave in the US. The London Emancipation Committee published her letters into a book titled The Deeper Wrong: Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl Written by Herself. Sarah Mapps Douglass served as secretary for a literary society for women in Philadelphia where she emphasized education and morality for Black women. Martin Delany and James Monroe Whitfield played undeniably large roles shaping the movement though historians have largely overlooked them. These figures confronted an often-hostile American public while acknowledging their nationality and struggle.

  • The Second Great Awakening of the 1820s and 1830s inspired groups that undertook many types of social reform including immediate abolition of slavery. John Brown studied the Bible for the ministry proclaiming he was an instrument of God. Many leaders were ministers who said holding slaves was sinful making its evil easy to understand. Opposition to slavery became one of the works of piety of the Methodist Churches established by John Wesley. Christian denominations formed to herald abolitionism as a moral issue such as the Wesleyan Methodist Connection organized by Orange Scott in 1843. The True Wesleyan periodical founded by Orange Scott and Jotham Horton disseminated abolitionist views. The Catholic Church in the United States avoided confrontation with slave-holding interests despite Pope Gregory XVI issuing In supremo apostolatus in 1839 condemning slavery. Daniel O'Connell organized a petition in Ireland with 60,000 signatures urging Irish Americans to support abolition. German Lutherans seldom took a position on slavery but German Methodists were anti-slavery.

  • In October 1859 John Brown led a band of 22 men to seize the Federal armory at Harper's Ferry Virginia. He believed the South was on the verge of a gigantic slave uprising and that one spark would set it off. Lt. Colonel Robert E. Lee of the U.S. Army was dispatched to put down the raid. Brown was quickly captured and found guilty of treason against the Commonwealth of Virginia murder and inciting a slave revolt. He was hanged after a month-long delay between sentencing and execution. On the day of his execution Brown prophesied the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away but with blood. Church bells rang across the North following his death. A 100-gun salute occurred in Albany New York. Large memorial meetings took place throughout the North where famous writers like Ralph Waldo Emerson joined other Northerners praising Brown. His supporters included George Luther Stearns Franklin B. Sanborn Thomas Wentworth Higginson Theodore Parker Samuel Gridley Howe and Gerrit Smith who provided financial backing for the raid.

  • The American Civil War began with the stated goal of preserving the Union. Lincoln said repeatedly he was only opposed to slavery's spread to Western territories. On the 16th of April 1862 Lincoln signed the District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act abolishing slavery in Washington D.C. Congress banned slavery in all federal territories on June 19th fulfilling his 1860 campaign promise. The Second Confiscation Act enacted on the 17th of July 1862 declared escaped or liberated slaves belonging to rebels forever free of their servitude. Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation effective the 1st of January 1863 declaring only those slaves in Confederate states to be free. The United States Colored Troops began operations in 1863. Support for abolition grew enough to pass the Thirteenth Amendment ratified in December 1865. This amendment abolished slavery everywhere in the United States freeing more than 50,000 people still enslaved in Kentucky and Delaware. These were the only states where slavery still existed at that time. The war ended in 1865 bringing about the abolition of American slavery except as punishment for a crime.

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Abolitionism

Common questions

When did the Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery occur?

The Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery occurred on the 18th of February 1688. Francis Daniel Pastorius and three other men signed this document in a house on Germantown Avenue to condemn slavery.

Which state became the first polity in North America to prohibit slavery?

Vermont became the first polity in North America to prohibit slavery in 1777. Masters were required to remove enslaved people from the state rather than freeing them directly under this law.

Who published The Liberator newspaper and when did it start?

William Lloyd Garrison published the first issue of his weekly newspaper called The Liberator on the 1st of January 1831. He signed the paper as Wm. Lloyd Garrison and it ran without interruption until slavery was abolished in 1865.

How many lectures did Frederick Douglass deliver across the United Kingdom and Ireland?

Frederick Douglass completed 280 lectures across the United Kingdom and Ireland over a period of 19 months starting in October 1845. On the 4th of October 1845 the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society gave him a Bible bound in gold.

What happened during John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry Virginia?

John Brown led a band of 22 men to seize the Federal armory at Harper's Ferry Virginia in October 1859. Lt. Colonel Robert E. Lee of the U.S. Army was dispatched to put down the raid and Brown was subsequently hanged after being found guilty of treason.

When was the Thirteenth Amendment ratified to abolish slavery everywhere in the United States?

The Thirteenth Amendment was ratified in December 1865 to abolish slavery everywhere in the United States. This amendment freed more than 50,000 people still enslaved in Kentucky and Delaware which were the only states where slavery still existed at that time.

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All sources

172 references cited across the entry

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  3. 3webVermont Abolishes Slavery
  4. 4webPennsylvania officially abolished slavery in 1780. But many black Pennsylvanians were in bondage long after that.Cassie Owens — 27 February 2019
  5. 5webJennison v. Caldwell – Abolition and the Role of Courts in Eighteenth Century MassachusettsMatthew Ahearn — January 21, 2022
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  24. 24webAll slave-keepers that keep the innocent in bondage : apostates pretending to lay claim to the pure & holy Christian religion, of what congregation so ever, but especially in their ministers, by whose example the filthy leprosy and apostacy is spread far and near : it is a notorious sin which many of the true Friends of Christ and his pure truth, called Quakers, has been for many years and still are concern'd to write and bear testimony against as a practice so gross & hurtful to religion, and destructive to government beyond what words can set forth, or can be declared of by men or angels, and yet lived in by ministers and magistrates in America
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  58. 58newsHome of Brooklyn Abolitionists Receives Landmark StatusZachary Small — 3 February 2021
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  80. 80webLaw Enacting Emancipation in the Federal TerritoriesJune 19, 1862
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  98. 98newsAn activist path: Mill owner founded Uxbridge anti-slavery society, by Susan Spence
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  112. 112journal'A Deep Interest in Your Cause': The Inter-American Sphere of Black Abolitionism and Civil RightsLloyd Belton — 2021-07-03
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  133. 133bookAbolition's axe : Beriah Green, Oneida Institute, and the Black freedom struggleMilton C. Sernett — Syracuse University Press — 1986
  134. 134bookFour sermons preached in the chapel of the Western Reserve College : on Lord's Days, November 18th and 25th, and December 2nd and 9th, 1832Beriah Green — 1833
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  143. 143journalMutual Brokerage and Women's Participation in Nineteenth century Anglo-American abolitionist movementsCecelia Walsh-Russo — 2017
  144. 144journalWillian Lloyd Garrison, the Irish, and Imagining Transatlantic Abolitionism: A HistoriographyMarjorie Howes — 2022
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  149. 149journalSlavery and the Slave Power: A Crucial DistinctionLarry Gara — March 1969
  150. 150bookPresent condition of the free colored people of the United StatesRev. James Freeman Clarke — American Anti-Slavery Society — 1859
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  153. 153bookAfrican American Connecticut ExploredHilary Moss — Wesleyan University Press — 2014
  154. 154bookAn address, delivered before the free people of color, in Philadelphia, New-York, and other cities, during the month of June, 1831Wm. Lloyd Garrison — 1831
  155. 155journalThe Noyes Academy, 1834–35: The Road to the Oberlin Collegiate Institute and the Higher Education of African-Americans in the Nineteenth CenturyRussell W. Irvine et al. — Winter 1998
  156. 156journalPrudence CrandallG. Smith Wormley — 1923
  157. 157bookPennsylvania Hall a 'legal lynching' in the shadow of the Liberty BellBeverly C. Tomek — Oxford University Press — 2014
  158. 158bookAmerican Mobbing 1828–1861: Toward Civil WarDavid Grimsted — Oxford University Press — 1998
  159. 159newsAnother abolition riot16 July 1834
  160. 160newsThe Granville Riot. Both sides of abolition movement erupted into violence4 July 2005
  161. 161journalThe 'Abolition Riot': Boston's First Slave RescueLeonard W. Levy — March 1952
  162. 162bookAngelina Grimke: Rhetoric, Identity, and the Radical ImaginationStephen H. Browne — Michigan State University Press — 2012
  163. 163journalThe Abolitionist Dilemma: The Antislavery Movement and the Northern NegroLeon F. Litwack — 1961
  164. 164bookWilliam Lloyd GarrisonJohn Jay Chapman — Atlantic Monthly Press — 1921
  165. 165bookPrudence Crandall's legacy: the fight for equality in the 1830s, Dred Scott, and Brown v. Board of EducationDonald E Williams, Jr. — Wesleyan University Press — 2014
  166. 166journalThe Economization of Freedom: Abolitionists versus Merchants in the Culture War that Destroyed Pennsylvania HallBeverly C. Tomek — Summer 2017
  167. 167bookLift Up Thy Voice. The Sarah and Angelica Grimké Family's Journey from Slaveholders to Civil Rights leadersMark Perry — Penguin Books — 2001
  168. 168bookDemocracy in AmericaAlexis de Tocqueville — Sever and Frances — 2022
  169. 169journalThe Education of FreedmenHarriet Beecher Stowe — June 1879
  170. 170inline"John C. Calhoun" , Clemson University
  171. 171journalHistory Haunts War-Torn LiberiaJuly 2003
  172. 172bookA review of anti-abolition sermon, preached at Pleasant Valley, N.Y., by Rev. Benjamin F. Wile, August, 1838John H. Wiggins — Press of the Oneida Institute — 1838