— Ch. 1 · The First Written Protest —
Abolitionism in the United States.
~6 min read · Ch. 1 of 7
On the 18th of February 1688, four men gathered in a house on Germantown Avenue. Francis Daniel Pastorius and three brothers signed a two-page document condemning slavery. They called it the Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery. This paper marked the first written statement against slavery in Colonial America. The petitioners argued that holding people in bondage violated universal rights. Their names appeared at the top of the page as signatories to this early act of resistance. The Quaker community did not immediately act on their words. Seventy percent of Quakers owned slaves between 1681 and 1705. Yet the petition initiated a spirit that eventually led to the end of slavery within the Society of Friends by 1776. It also influenced Pennsylvania to pass its own abolition law in 1780.
Northern Laws And Southern Resistance
In 1777, Vermont became the first polity in North America to prohibit slavery. Masters were required to remove enslaved people from the state rather than freeing them directly. By 1780, Massachusetts ratified a constitution declaring all men equal. This clause allowed freedom suits filed by enslaved African Americans living there. The Supreme Court case Commonwealth v. Nathaniel Jennison reaffirmed these rights in 1783. It effectively abolished slavery through individual actions by masters and slaves. New York passed an Act for the gradual abolition of slavery in 1799. Slavery did not officially end there until 1827. More than 70 enslaved people appeared on the 1830 census in that state. No slaves appeared in the 1840 census. South Carolina reversed its decision to abolish the slave trade in 1803. All other Northern states had passed laws to gradually or immediately abolish slavery between 1781 and 1804. Some slaves continued in involuntary unpaid indentured servitude for two more decades after their legal status changed.