Short answers, pulled from the story.
Augustus initiated the Cura Annonae, a state-sponsored grain dole designed to feed citizens who could not afford to purchase food. This program marked one of the earliest known instances of a government assuming responsibility for the basic nutritional needs of its population.
Martin Luther devised a plan for a Common Chest in 1523 following a request by the citizens of Leisnig in Saxony. The Wittenberg Church order implemented this plan in 1522, creating a structured approach to welfare that replaced the previous reliance on private charity.
In Germany, 27.6 percent of the GDP is channeled into an all-embracing system of health, pension, accident, long-term care, and unemployment insurance. The Bismarckian model emphasized the importance of social insurance, where contributions from workers and employers funded benefits.
In Sweden, government pension payments are financed through an 18.5 percent pension tax on all taxed incomes, which comes partly from a tax category called a public pension fee and 30 percent of a tax category called employer fees on salaries. The Nordic model emphasizes reducing income inequality and promoting social cohesion.
In 1935, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Social Security Act, establishing a federal system of social insurance. The Great Depression led to the creation of the New Deal, which included programs like the Works Progress Administration to provide employment and relief.
The International Labour Organization estimates that only 27 percent of the world population has access to comprehensive social security. The World Bank's 2019 World Development Report argues that the traditional payroll-based model of many kinds of social insurance are increasingly challenged by working arrangements outside standard employment contracts.