Short answers, pulled from the story.
The word virtue derives from the Latin virtus, which itself came from vir, the Roman word for man. Virtus originally referred to excellent qualities of men including physical strength, valorous conduct, and moral rectitude. The word was borrowed into English in the 13th century via the French words vertu and virtu.
The four classic cardinal virtues traced to Greek philosophy and listed by Plato are prudence, fortitude, temperance, and justice. Plato also added piety and sometimes replaced prudence with wisdom. Plato considered temperance (sophrosyne, also translated as sound-mindedness) to be the most important of the virtues.
Aristotle defined a virtue as a point between a deficiency and an excess of a trait, a golden mean that is chosen under the proper guidance of reason. The mean is not the mathematical midpoint but the position best suited to fostering human flourishing. He specified that virtuous action requires acting at the right times, on the right occasions, toward the right persons, with the right object, and in the right fashion.
The three theological virtues in Christianity are faith, hope, and love. Love is identified as the greatest of the three. Christian scholars frequently combine these three with the four cardinal virtues to produce seven heavenly virtues, as described in the Catechism of the Catholic Church, sections 1803-1829.
Benjamin Franklin listed thirteen virtues he sought to practice: temperance, silence, order, resolution, frugality, industry, sincerity, justice, moderation, cleanliness, tranquility, chastity, and humility. He kept a daily checklist in a notebook to measure his adherence to each one. This system became widely known through his autobiography.
After three years of study, Peterson and Seligman identified 24 character strengths classified into six broad virtue categories: courage, justice, humanity, temperance, transcendence, and wisdom. Their research found a surprising amount of similarity across cultures, strongly indicating historical and cross-cultural convergence. Some psychologists have since proposed grouping the same 24 traits into three simpler categories: cognitive strengths, temperance strengths, and social strengths.