Short answers, pulled from the story.
Stanley Riukas defines intrinsic value as worth for itself alone without serving another end. He describes instrumental value as worth only as a path toward something else like a radio allowing you to hear music.
S. H. Schwartz conducted empirical research with colleagues to investigate universal human values. His model groups ten universal values into growth versus protection categories and personal versus social focus based on biological needs and group welfare survival needs.
The UK passed the Public Services (Social Value) Act 2012 requiring public bodies to consider social environmental and economic well-being in procurement. This law mandates that government contracts secure comparable benefits through frameworks like The Social Value Model published by the Cabinet Office on the 24th of September 2020.
Italian parents value social emotional abilities while Spanish parents want their children to be sociable. Swedish parents prioritize security and happiness whereas Dutch parents value independence long attention spans and predictable schedules. American parents stand out for strongly valuing intellectual ability especially in narrow book learning senses.
Jonathan Baron and Mark Spranca argue protected values arise from norms described in deontological ethics theories such as Immanuel Kant's ethical frameworks. These values are one that an individual is unwilling to trade off regardless of potential benefits even if saving many others requires killing another person.