Short answers, pulled from the story.
Uranus was first observed on the 13th of March 1781 by William Herschel from his garden at 19 New King Street in Bath, England. Herschel used a homemade 6.2-inch reflecting telescope to identify the object, which he initially reported as a comet before astronomers confirmed its planetary orbit.
Uranus holds the distinction of being the coldest planet in the Solar System with a minimum temperature of minus 224 degrees Celsius recorded in its tropopause. It has the lowest internal heat of all the giant planets and radiates hardly any excess energy into space despite being the third-largest planet by diameter.
Uranus has 29 known natural satellites with names chosen from characters in the works of William Shakespeare and Alexander Pope. The five main satellites are Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, and Oberon, and the combined mass of these five major satellites is less than half that of Triton.
The ring system was definitively discovered on the 10th of March 1977 by James L. Elliot, Edward W. Dunham, and Jessica Mink using the Kuiper Airborne Observatory. Thirteen distinct rings are presently known, and the Hubble Space Telescope detected a pair of previously unknown rings in December 2005 to bring the total to 13.
No spacecraft has flown by Uranus since 1986, when Voyager 2 made its closest approach on the 24th of January, coming within 81,500 kilometers of the cloudtops. The spacecraft studied the structure and chemical composition of Uranus's atmosphere and made the first detailed investigations of its five largest moons.