Short answers, pulled from the story.
Bronze and silver trumpets emerged from the grave of Tutankhamun in Egypt, dating back to 1326 or 1336 BC. These artifacts represent some of the earliest known examples of the instrument alongside bronze lurs found in Scandinavia and metal trumpets from China that date to 2000 BC or earlier.
Cesare Bendinelli developed the upper clarino register which lent itself well to the Baroque era known as the Golden Age of natural trumpet. A vast body of music was written for virtuoso trumpeters during this period before Berlioz wrote in 1844 that few instruments had been more degraded than the trumpet down to Beethoven and Weber.
The trumpet is constructed of brass tubing bent twice into a rounded oblong shape though trumpets can be constructed from other materials including plastic. Sound production begins when air blows through slightly separated lips creating a buzzing sound into the mouthpiece.
Maurice André Håkan Hardenberger David Mason and Wynton Marsalis are well-known players on piccolo trumpets. Piccolo trumpets are the smallest instruments built to play in both B and A keys with tubing length one-half that of a standard B trumpet making them sound an octave higher.
Anton Weidinger developed the first successful keyed trumpet capable of chromatic play in the 1790s. Joseph Haydn wrote his Trumpet Concerto for him in 1796 startling contemporary audiences by its novelty at the first performance in Vienna in 1800.