Short answers, pulled from the story.
Al-Ghazali wrote The Incoherence of the Philosophers in July 1091 while teaching at the Nizamiyya college in Baghdad. The book was published as the second volume of a four-part theological series during his tenure at the institution.
Al-Ghazali identified seventeen points of error and declared three specific doctrines to be outright disbelief in Islam. These included the theory of a pre-eternal world, the claim that God knows only universal characteristics rather than particulars, and the denial of bodily resurrection.
Al-Ghazali proposed a theory of occasionalism where God directly causes events rather than natural laws acting independently. He argued that when fire burns cotton, God creates the burning directly, meaning what appears to be natural law is actually a habit of God's will.
Ibn Rushd, known in the West as Averroes, wrote The Incoherence of the Incoherence to defend the doctrines of the philosophers. This text was structured as a dialogue where Averroes quoted passages by al-Ghazali and responded to them directly.
Ibn Tufail wrote the Arabic philosophical novel titled Hayy ibn Yaqzan, which was later translated into Latin and English as Philosophus Autodidactus. This work cited al-Ghazali as an influence on his views on Sufism while remaining critical of his views against Avicennism.