Short answers, pulled from the story.
English economics writers did not use the phrase supply and demand until after the end of the seventeenth century. James Denham-Steuart first used the phrase in his 1767 book Inquiry into the Principles of Political Economy.
Antoine Augustin Cournot developed a mathematical model in his 1838 Researches into the Mathematical Principles of Wealth. This work established the theoretical foundation for analyzing price determination through mathematical functions.
A rise in raw material costs decreases supply, shifting the curve to the left. At each possible price, a smaller quantity gets supplied which raises the equilibrium price.
Demand and supply relate money supply and money demand to interest rates where central banks may fix value regardless of interest rate or target fixed interest rates. The intersection determines the final interest rate within this framework.
Kaufman and Hotchkiss found nearly all studies show the labor supply curve negatively sloped or backward bending. This phenomenon occurs because suppliers are individuals trying to sell labor for the highest price while businesses buy needed labor at the lowest price.