Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Sultanate of Golconda was founded on the 7th of December 1518 by Sultan Quli Qutb Shah, who declared independence after the breakup of the Bahmani Sultanate into five Deccan sultanates. Sultan Quli was born in Hamadan, Iran, and belonged to the Qara Qoyunlu, a Turkmen Muslim tribe.
The Golconda Sultanate held a monopoly on diamond production from mines in its southern districts, including the Kollur Mine now in Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh. Diamonds were transported to Hyderabad to be cut and sold, and the Golconda market remained the primary source of the world's finest and largest diamonds until the end of the 19th century.
The Mughal emperor Aurangzeb besieged and conquered Golconda, completing the campaign on the 22nd of September 1687. The last sultan, Abul Hasan Qutb Shah, was arrested and imprisoned in Daulatabad Fort, where he died in captivity. The sultanate's territory became the Mughal imperial province of Hyderabad Subah.
Persian was the sole court language for the first 90 years of the sultanate's existence, from roughly 1518 to 1600. Under Sultan Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah (1580-1612), Telugu was elevated alongside Persian. By the dynasty's final decades, Telugu was the primary language of official edicts, with Persian used only for summaries.
The sultanate exported plain cotton cloth made of muslin and calico to Persia and European countries, and patterned cloth printed with indigo, chay-root, and vegetable dyes to Java, Sumatra, and other eastern markets. The port of Masulipatnam served as the primary seaport for both diamond and textile exports. Golconda also maintained a strong trading relationship with Ayutthaya Siam.
The sultanate was a highly centralized state with the sultan holding absolute power, supported by a Peshwa (prime minister) and ministers for finance, policing, and the treasury. For most of its history, tax collection was farmed out through a jagir system auctioned to the highest bidder. The last sultan, Abul Hasan Qutb Shah (Tana Shah), replaced this with salaried civil tax collectors, which his advisers credited with significantly increasing revenues.