What is substance dependence and how does it differ from addiction?
Substance dependence describes a biopsychological state where an individual's functionality relies on the repeated consumption of a psychoactive substance. This reliance stems from an adaptive condition that develops through drug use and results in withdrawal symptoms when the substance stops. A distinct concept called addiction exists alongside this definition, characterized by compulsive and out-of-control drug use despite negative consequences.
When did the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders eliminate separate diagnoses for substance abuse and substance dependence?
In 2013, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders eliminated the separate diagnoses of substance abuse and substance dependence. These were replaced with a single diagnosis known as substance use disorders. Medical professionals noted that tolerance and withdrawal are normal responses to prescribed medications affecting the central nervous system and do not necessarily indicate the presence of an addiction.
How does neonatal abstinence syndrome affect infants born to mothers who used drugs during pregnancy?
Infants experience substance withdrawal known as neonatal abstinence syndrome when their mothers used drugs during pregnancy. This condition can have severe and life-threatening effects on the newborn. Addiction to drugs such as alcohol in expectant mothers causes neonatal abstinence syndrome and other issues that affect the infant throughout their lifetime.
What specific codes identify different types of substance dependence in the DSM-IV?
Specific codes include 303.90 Alcohol dependence and 304.00 Opioid dependence. Other categories cover sedative hypnotic or anxiolytic dependence including benzodiazepine dependence and barbiturate dependence. Cocaine dependence carries code 304.20 while Cannabis dependence is listed under 304.30.
Which countries had the highest occurrence of substance abuse disorder internationally according to global data?
Internationally the U.S. and Eastern Europe contain countries with the highest substance abuse disorder occurrence at 5-6%. Africa Asia and the Middle East contain countries with the lowest worldwide occurrence between 1-2%. Across the globe those that tended to have a higher prevalence of substance dependence were in their twenties unemployed and men.