Short answers, pulled from the story.
Structural unemployment is an involuntary condition caused by a mismatch between worker skills and employer demands as described in the 2013 report.
Automation and industrial robots threaten nearly half of all U.S. jobs according to the 2013 study by Carl Benedikt Frey and Michael Osborne.
Manufacturing jobs moved from Rust Belt cities to lower-cost areas in the South and rural regions over several decades due to globalization shifting positions to low-wage nations.
Structural unemployment lasts longer than frictional unemployment for any given individual despite empirical difficulties separating them.
Narayana Kocherlakota stated in 2010 that up to 3 percent of the 9.5 percent unemployment rate resulted from skill mismatches.
Governmentally imposed minimum wage laws contribute to structural unemployment by exceeding marginal revenue product values which prevents employers from paying individuals what they are worth.