Short answers, pulled from the story.
Strategy derives from the Greek stratēgia, meaning "troop leadership" or "office of general." The term entered Eastern Roman military vocabulary in the 6th century and was not translated into Western European languages until the 18th century.
Carl von Clausewitz, credited as the father of Western modern strategic study, defined military strategy as "the employment of battles to gain the end of war." He and B. H. Liddell Hart both held that political aims must take priority over military goals.
Henry Mintzberg of McGill University described five complementary definitions of strategy in 1998: strategy as plan, strategy as pattern, strategy as position, strategy as ploy, and strategy as perspective. Each captures a different aspect of how organizations pursue goals under uncertainty.
Professor Richard P. Rumelt described the kernel of good strategy in 2011 as having three parts: a diagnosis that defines the challenge, a guiding policy for dealing with it, and coherent actions designed to carry the policy out. He illustrated this with President Kennedy's Cuban Missile Crisis address of the 22nd of October 1962.
Modern business strategy emerged as a recognized field of study and practice in the 1960s. Before that decade, the words "strategy" and "competition" rarely appeared in prominent management literature.
The United Kingdom's counterterrorism strategy is called CONTEST. Its stated goal is to reduce the risk to the UK and its citizens and interests overseas from terrorism so that people can go about their lives freely and with confidence.