Short answers, pulled from the story.
The text states that the Scientific Revolution began in the winter of 1572 with the appearance of the supernova SN 1572 in the constellation Cassiopeia. While 1543 is often cited as the start date due to the publication of Nicolaus Copernicus's De Revolutionibus, the appearance of the new star created a crisis of confidence in the old order that many historians consider the true beginning of the Scientific Revolution.
Tycho Brahe documented the supernova SN 1572 with unprecedented precision, proving that the stars were not fixed in an unchanging crystal sphere as Aristotle had taught. This celestial event shattered the ancient belief that the heavens were immutable and perfect, forcing astronomers to confront a universe that was dynamic and unpredictable.
Andreas Vesalius published De humani corporis fabrica in 1543, which presented intricate, accurate drawings of the human body that revealed the heart, the liver, and the brain in their true three-dimensional forms. He discovered that Galen's descriptions were wrong because they were based on the dissection of animals, not humans, establishing that truth was found in the material reality of the body rather than the words of the ancients.
Francis Bacon argued in his 1620 work Novum Organum that the goal of scientific inquiry was to conquer the world for the benefit of humanity. He believed that knowledge and human power were synonymous and developed a method of inductive reasoning to produce inventions that would relieve mankind's miseries and needs.
Isaac Newton published his Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica on the 5th of July 1687, presenting a unified theory of motion and gravity that explained the movement of both terrestrial and celestial bodies. His three laws of motion and his law of universal gravitation provided a mathematical framework that could describe the entire physical universe.
King Charles II signed a royal charter creating the Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge on the 15th of July 1662. This institution was the first scientific society in the world and established the principles of scientific priority and peer review through its journal, Philosophical Transactions, which began publication in 1665.