Short answers, pulled from the story.
Historians often cite 1543 as the beginning of the Scientific Revolution when Nicolaus Copernicus published De Revolutionibus and Andreas Vesalius released De humani corporis fabrica. Some argue that SN 1572 supernova observed by Tycho Brahe serves as a more accurate starting line for this period.
Isaac Newton published Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica on the 5th of July 1687. This work unified terrestrial and celestial mechanics under a single set of mathematical laws.
The Royal Society of London received its royal charter signed on the 15th of July 1662 from King Charles. A second charter dated the 23rd of April 1663 named king founder establishing society for Improvement of Natural Knowledge appointing Robert Hooke curator of experiments November following.
Francis Bacon proposed Novum Organum which appeared in print in 1620 to require isolating formal causes through eliminative induction rather than relying on syllogistic reasoning. He argued that philosophy should produce inventions improving mankind's life instead of engaging in endless debate.
Refracting telescopes appeared in the Netherlands in 1608 as product spectacle makers experimenting lenses with inventor unknown Hans Lipperhey applying patent followed Jacob Metius Alkmaar. Galileo used this tool for astronomical observations starting in 1609.