Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Scientific Revolution was an irreversible break with earlier natural philosophy that took place in 16th and 17th century Europe and fundamentally changed how the natural world was investigated. It is widely understood as synonymous with the emergence of modern science. It is frequently said to have begun in 1543 and to have culminated in 1687 with Isaac Newton's Principia.
1543 saw the printing of two foundational works, De humani corporis fabrica by Andreas Vesalius and De Revolutionibus by Nicolaus Copernicus. Some historians instead propose 1572, the year Tycho Brahe observed the supernova SN 1572 in a sky thought to be unchangeable.
Copernicus argued in 1543 that the Sun was the center of the universe, displacing the long-accepted geocentric model. Kepler showed using Tycho Brahe's observations that planets move in elliptical orbits, Galileo provided telescopic evidence including the moons of Jupiter and the phases of Venus, and Newton's Principia derived Kepler's laws from universal gravitation.
Francis Bacon has been called the father of empiricism and established and popularised inductive methodologies for scientific inquiry, often called the Baconian method. His Novum Organum was published in 1620. He nonetheless rejected several correct theories, including William Gilbert's magnetism, Copernicus's heliocentrism, and Kepler's laws of planetary motion.
Johannes Gutenberg introduced the movable type printing press to Europe in the 1440s, which let scholars across countries study the same texts and diagrams and compare observations. Advances in optical glass, including Venetian cristallo developed by the mid-15th century, supplied the lenses that made telescopes possible.
Most of Copernicus' contemporaries doubted that the Earth moved around the Sun because it contradicted empirical observation, since no stellar parallax could be observed, and because it contradicted the authority of Aristotle. The discoveries of Kepler and Galileo later gave the theory credibility, and by the end of the 17th century it was generally accepted by astronomers.