Short answers, pulled from the story.
Sandstone is a sedimentary rock that forms through the physical and chemical weathering of bedrock into silicate sand grains. These grains travel via rivers or wind to depositional environments where tectonics creates space for accumulation before undergoing diagenesis.
Geologists recognized by 1941 that some rocks show macroscopic characteristics of quartzite without undergoing high-pressure metamorphism. These rocks experienced only lower temperatures and pressures linked to diagenesis yet cemented thoroughly enough for microscopic distinction.
Forearc basins often accumulate sand rich in lithic grains and plagioclase within areas of high relief such as volcanic arcs or continental rifting zones. Intracontinental basins and grabens along continental margins serve as common sites for deposition alongside these forearc settings.
Orthoquartzite distinguishes itself from metaquartzite because it formed through diagenesis rather than actual regional metamorphism involving great heat and pressure. This sedimentary rock often contains 99 percent SiO2 with minor iron oxide traces while preserving original texture and sedimentary structures.
Dott set the boundary between arenite and wacke at 15 percent matrix content where arenites types have less than 15 percent clay matrix between framework grains. Wackes are sandstones containing more than 15 percent clay matrix between framework grains which affects their textural cleanliness.