Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Rutherford scattering experiments were conducted by Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden under the direction of Ernest Rutherford at the Physical Laboratories of the University of Manchester. The experiments were carried out between 1906 and 1913.
The experiments proved that every atom has a nucleus where all of its positive charge and most of its mass is concentrated. This contradicted the prevailing Thomson model, which assumed positive charge was spread uniformly throughout the atom.
Geiger and Marsden found that approximately 1 in 8,000 alpha particles that struck a metal reflector bounced back onto the screen, demonstrating that some alpha particles were scattered by more than 90 degrees. This result was impossible to explain with Thomson's plum pudding model.
Rutherford published his landmark paper, The Scattering of alpha and beta Particles by Matter and the Structure of the Atom, in 1911. He introduced the term nucleus in 1912, and Geiger and Marsden confirmed his scattering equation experimentally in 1913.
Niels Bohr arrived at Manchester as a post-doctoral student at Rutherford's invitation and abandoned his earlier work on the Thomson model. He developed the Rutherford-Bohr model over subsequent years, incorporating early quantum mechanics to allow prediction of electronic spectra and chemical concepts.
Rutherford's analysis established the concept of scattering cross section, which now dominates the descriptions of experimental particle physics. His 1911 paper initiated the field of nuclear physics and his approach is still a standard treatment in classical mechanics textbooks.